{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T18:44:02Z","timestamp":1785437042033,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784592000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784592000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["24389404"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24389404"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009318","name":"Helmholtz Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["VH-NG-1347"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VH-NG-1347"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009318","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Virol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>Pneumonia virus of mice (PVM), the mouse homolog to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), is increasingly used as a surrogate model to study pneumovirus pathogenesis in a more natural pathogen-host relationship. Two major strains of PVM, strain 15 and J3666, are currently used in laboratories, with preferences for either one or the other based on the well-documented isolation history of strain 15, or the suggested higher virulence of strain J3666. Using conventional and long-read sequencing, we found that the PVM strain J3666 represents two distinct virus populations, which are defined by the sequence and structure of the G and SH genes encoding the putative attachment and small hydrophobic proteins, in addition to further nucleotide polymorphisms. Specifically, a nucleotide polymorphism at position 65 in the G gene results in either an upstream open reading frame (uORF) preceding the main ORF in frame, or an extension of the major G ORF by 18 codons. The impact of the different forms of the J3666-G genes on PVM was examined by generating recombinant PVMs differing exclusively in the distinctive 5\u2032 portion of the respective G gene. This revealed that the population with an extended main G ORF was more virulent than the population with a G gene containing an uORF or the parental virus. The presence of a uORF was associated with decreased expression levels of G, whereas the virus with the extended G ORF appeared to express slightly increased levels of G, which suggests that expression levels of G may modulate virulence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The pneumonia virus of mice strain J3666 is considered a more virulent and more suitable model for severe lower respiratory tract infections. The organization of the gene for the attachment protein G is reported to contain a small upstream open reading frame (uORF) preceding the main G ORF in frame. The translated G protein is predicted to comprise 396 amino acids. We report that this virus strain may be a mixture of two different populations, each with differing virulence. The more virulent population encodes a G protein of potentially 414 amino acids instead of a small uORF. The usage of the first start codon in this G gene organization remains to be determined. Importantly, this organization of the G gene is in line with that of several newly identified pneumoviruses, i.e., canine and swine pneumoviruses. These viruses may comprise a distinct group within the Pneumoviridae family.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00103-26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T13:00:36Z","timestamp":1782306036000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sequence heterogeneity in pneumonia virus of mice reveals G gene-dependent modulation of virulence"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"100","author":[{"given":"Akinbami R.","family":"Adenugba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00fbnyb24","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t","place":["W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8515-2067","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Patrick","family":"Bohn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03d0p2685","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Helmholtz Institute for RNA-based Infection Research, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research","place":["W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0953-9136","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jiangyan","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03pvr2g57","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Institute of Clinical Genetics and Genomic Medicine, University Hospital W\u00fcrzburg","place":["W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2183-2415","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Markus","family":"Fehrholz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03pvr2g57","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University Children\u2019s Hospital, University Hospital W\u00fcrzburg","place":["W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1367-2725","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anke K.","family":"Bergmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03pvr2g57","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Institute of Clinical Genetics and Genomic Medicine, University Hospital W\u00fcrzburg","place":["W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1580-0671","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Redmond P.","family":"Smyth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03d0p2685","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Helmholtz Institute for RNA-based Infection Research, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research","place":["W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00pg6eq24","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Strasbourg, CNRS, Architecture et R\u00e9activit\u00e9 de l\u2019ARN","place":["Strasbourg, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2250-603X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Christine D.","family":"Krempl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00fbnyb24","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t","place":["W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000959"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.71.3.391"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v4123494"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","first-page":"133","article-title":"Respiratory disease and wasting in athymic mice infected with pneumonia virus of mice","volume":"38","author":"Weir EC","year":"1988","unstructured":"Weir EC, Brownstein DG, Smith AL, Johnson EA. 1988. 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