{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T22:38:49Z","timestamp":1790375929345,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,1]],"date-time":"2006-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1151712000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Virol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>To understand the correlates of protective immunity against primary variola virus infection in humans, we have used the well-characterized mousepox model. This is an excellent surrogate small-animal model for smallpox in which the disease is caused by infection with the closely related orthopoxvirus, ectromelia virus. Similarities between the two infections include virus replication and transmission, aspects of pathology, and development of pock lesions. Previous studies using ectromelia virus have established critical roles for cytokines and effector functions of CD8 T cells in the control of acute stages of poxvirus infection. Here, we have used mice deficient in B cells to demonstrate that B-cell function is also obligatory for complete virus clearance and recovery of the host. In the absence of B cells, virus persists and the host succumbs to infection, despite the generation of CD8 T-cell responses. Intriguingly, transfer of naive B cells or ectromelia virus-immune serum to B-cell-deficient mice with established infection allowed these animals to clear virus and fully recover. In contrast, transfer of ectromelia virus-immune CD8 T cells was ineffective. Our data show that mice deficient in CD8 T-cell function die early in infection, whereas those deficient in B cells or antibody production die much later, indicating that B-cell function becomes critical after the effector phase of the CD8 T-cell response to infection subsides. Strikingly, our results show that antibody prevents virus from seeding the skin and forming pock lesions, which are important for virus transmission between hosts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00116-06","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,15]],"date-time":"2006-06-15T00:21:50Z","timestamp":1150330910000},"page":"6339-6344","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":92,"title":["Obligatory Requirement for Antibody in Recovery from a Primary Poxvirus Infection"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"Geeta","family":"Chaudhri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunology and Genetics, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vijay","family":"Panchanathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunology and Genetics, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Horst","family":"Bluethmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Roche Center for Medical Genomics, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gunasegaran","family":"Karupiah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunology and Genetics, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1233578100"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.133.5.1074"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/374244"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mr.55.1.80-122.1991"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0402949101"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(92)90445-U"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","first-page":"297","year":"2005","unstructured":"Cooper, M. D., and H. W. Schroeder. 2005. Primary immune deficiency diseases, chapter 297. In D. L. Kasper, E. Braunwald, A. S. Fauci, S. L. Hauser, D. L. Longo, J. L. Jameson, and K. J. Isselbacher (ed.), Harrison's online, 16th ed. McGraw-Hill Professional, New York, N.Y. [Online.] http:\/\/www.accessmedicine.com\/content.aspx?aID=93712 .","journal-title":"Harrison's online"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.171.10.4969"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8456300"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","first-page":"619","volume":"67","year":"1969","unstructured":"Downie, A. W., D. S. Fedson, L. Saint Vincent, A. R. Rao, and C. H. Kempe. 1969. Haemorrhagic smallpox. J. Hyg. (London)67:619-629.","journal-title":"J. Hyg. (London)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","first-page":"479","volume":"56","year":"1958","unstructured":"Downie, A. W., and K. McCarthy. 1958. The antibody response in man following infection with viruses of the pox group. III. Antibody response in smallpox. J. Hyg. (London)56:479-487.","journal-title":"J. Hyg. (London)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02331"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1261"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.81090-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.175.10.6829"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(48)91599-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","unstructured":"Fenner F. D. A. Henderson I. Arita A. Jezek and I. D. Ladnyi. 1988. Smallpox and its eradication. World Health Organization Geneva Switzerland."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(72)90031-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.12.5550-5558.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.281.22.2127"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01313742"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/369031a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830251209"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.70.12.8301-8309.1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.67.7.4214-4226.1993"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4327","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.147.12.4327","volume":"147","year":"1991","unstructured":"Karupiah, G., C. E. Woodhams, R. V. Blanden, and I. A. Ramshaw. 1991. Immunobiology of infection with recombinant vaccinia virus encoding murine IL-2. Mechanisms of rapid viral clearance in immunocompetent mice. J. Immunol.147:4327-4332.","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7690156"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/350423a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/5.8.957"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.1997.tb00958.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/362758a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.381"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.2.1665-1667.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01317923"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0923-2494(94)80186-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0505180102"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00115-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.18.9848"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.iy.11.040193.001555"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.1997.tb01011.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0405759101"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","first-page":"307","volume":"52","year":"1975","unstructured":"Sarkar, J. K., A. C. Mitra, and M. K. Mukherjee. 1975. The minimum protective level of antibodies in smallpox. Bull. W. H. O.52:307-311.","journal-title":"Bull. W. H. O."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","first-page":"517","volume":"48","year":"1973","unstructured":"Sarkar, J. K., A. C. Mitra, M. K. Mukherjee, S. K. De, and D. G. Mazumdar. 1973. Virus excretion in smallpox. 1. Excretion in the throat, urine, and conjunctiva of patients. Bull. W. H. O.48:517-522.","journal-title":"Bull. W. H. O."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","first-page":"163","volume":"121","year":"2000","unstructured":"Scalzo, A. A., H. E. Farrell, and G. Karupiah. 2000. Techniques for studying murine natural killer cells in defense against viral infection. Methods Mol. Biol.121:163-177.","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0401165101"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.10.6265"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01314-06","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,1]],"date-time":"2006-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1157068800000}}],"container-title":["Journal of Virology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/JVI.00116-06","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/JVI.00116-06","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,7]],"date-time":"2023-05-07T18:49:17Z","timestamp":1683485357000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/JVI.00116-06"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,7]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/JVI.00116-06"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jvi.00116-06","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-538X","1098-5514"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-538X","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5514","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2006-01-16","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2006-04-21","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2006-07-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}