{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T03:50:57Z","timestamp":1793677857892,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,15]],"date-time":"2011-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1305417600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Virol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although oral exposure to H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses is a risk factor for infection in humans, it is unclear how oral exposure to these virus results in lethal respiratory infections. To address this issue, we inoculated ferrets and hamsters with two highly pathogenic H5N1 strains. These viruses, inoculated directly into the stomach, were isolated from the large intestine and the mesenteric lymph nodes within 1 day of inoculation and subsequently spread to multiple tissues, including lung, liver, and brain. Histopathologic analysis of ferrets infected with virus via direct intragastric inoculation revealed lymph folliculitis in the digestive tract and mesenteric lymph nodes and focal interstitial pneumonia. Comparable results were obtained with the hamster model. We conclude that, in mammals, ingested H5N1 influenza viruses can disseminate to nondigestive organs, possibly through the lymphatic system of the gastrointestinal tract.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00148-11","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,17]],"date-time":"2011-03-17T00:40:36Z","timestamp":1300322436000},"page":"4673-4678","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Systemic Dissemination of H5N1 Influenza A Viruses in Ferrets and Hamsters after Direct Intragastric Inoculation"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"Kyoko","family":"Shinya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akiko","family":"Makino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroji","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tanaka Animal Hospital, Tottori 680-0062, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masato","family":"Hatta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin\u2014Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tokiko","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin\u2014Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mai Q.","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hirotaka","family":"Imai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshihiro","family":"Kawaoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin\u2014Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706"},{"name":"Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology"},{"name":"International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan"},{"name":"ERATO Infection-Induced Host Responses Project, Saitama 332-0012, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0707279"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01348964"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.shk.0000157303.76749.9b"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1477"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.305.5689.1385a"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01316727"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001106"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01310984"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2189","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1012.040759","article-title":"Avian influenza H5N1 in tigers and leopards. 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