{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T12:48:06Z","timestamp":1790254086130,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]],"date-time":"2020-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590969600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["16K09938"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16K09938"]}]},{"name":"Joint Usage.Research Center on Tropical Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University","award":["2017-Kyoten02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017-Kyoten02"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Virol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The coreceptor switch of HIV-1 from R5 to CXCR4-using variants (R5X4 or X4) has been observed in about half of HIV-1-infected individuals at late-stage infection with loss of CD4 cell count and disease progression. However, the mechanisms that underlie the emergence of CXCR4-using variants at this stage are unclear. In the present study, CXCR4-using X4 variants were isolated from plasma samples of HIV-1-infected individuals that dominantly carried vRNA of R5 variants. The sequences of the X4 variants were detected as a minor population using next-generation sequencing. Taken together, CXCR4-using variants at late-stage infection are likely to emerge when replication-competent CXCR4-using variants are maintained as a minor population during the course of infection. The present study may support the hypothesis that R5-to-X4 switching is mediated by the expansion of preexisting X4 variants in some cases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00193-20","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,11]],"date-time":"2020-04-11T14:23:01Z","timestamp":1586614981000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Existence of Replication-Competent Minor Variants with Different Coreceptor Usage in Plasma from HIV-1-Infected Individuals"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"94","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6441-4067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yosuke","family":"Maeda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taichiro","family":"Takemura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takayuki","family":"Chikata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan"},{"name":"Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takeo","family":"Kuwata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan"},{"name":"Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiromi","family":"Terasawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riito","family":"Fujimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nozomi","family":"Kuse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan"},{"name":"Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomohiro","family":"Akahoshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hayato","family":"Murakoshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan"},{"name":"Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giang Van","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan"},{"name":"National Hospital of Tropical Diseases, Hanoi, Viet Nam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5446-5650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan"},{"name":"Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chau Ha","family":"Pham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anh Hong Quynh","family":"Pham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuaki","family":"Monde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomohiro","family":"Sawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuzo","family":"Matsushita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan"},{"name":"Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trung Vu","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Hospital of Tropical Diseases, Hanoi, Viet Nam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kinh Van","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Hospital of Tropical Diseases, Hanoi, Viet Nam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Futoshi","family":"Hasebe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tetsu","family":"Yamashiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masafumi","family":"Takiguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan"},{"name":"Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.185.4.621"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-118-9-199305010-00004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/169.5.968"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1197-1259"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.66.3.1354-1360.1992"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002106"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1002753"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dku573"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkm012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkp151"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12127"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000269"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit168"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01983-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00759-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0021350"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-9-106"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.80.10.4909-4920.2006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0802905"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1405805"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy565"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0b013e328322f973"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2010.06.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.74.4.1787-1793.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00853-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.2001.1087"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.70.2.1310-1316.1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.66.11.6777-6780.1992"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.66.5.3183-3187.1992"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2008.0252"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.20.9434"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.13.5998-6006.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M009779200"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt1371"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01749-17"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000969"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2007.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M705298200"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2014.0006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2006.0130"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep21280"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.5.1925"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.4.2855-2864.1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2018.11.063"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir714"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0089462"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.12108"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0060566"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2013.0067"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.66.12.7517-7521.1992"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/428096"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.70.12.8355-8360.1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-6-15"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32832fd2e1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep17607"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2017.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkt305"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32833e50bb"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkt290"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32833c93e6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2013.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.3.1269"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.80.2.802-809.2006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2011.02.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M414360200"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1998.8130"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1999.0633"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.11.4721-4732.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0166-3542(97)00025-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.186.8.1383"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0046334"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02370-12"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21598"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0089515"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2011.02.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0065115"}],"container-title":["Journal of Virology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/JVI.00193-20","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/JVI.00193-20","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,5]],"date-time":"2022-03-05T14:55:35Z","timestamp":1646492135000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/JVI.00193-20"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Viviana","family":"Simon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/JVI.00193-20"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jvi.00193-20","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-538X","1098-5514"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-538X","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5514","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-02-05","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-04-04","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-06-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e00193-20"}}