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To understand the genesis and epidemiology of these viruses, we investigated the spatial and evolutionary dynamics of complete genome sequences of H9N2 viruses circulating in nine Middle Eastern and Central Asian countries from 1998 to 2010. We identified four distinct and cocirculating groups (A, B, C, and D), each of which has undergone widespread inter- and intrasubtype reassortments, leading to the generation of viruses with unknown biological properties. Our analysis also suggested that eastern Asia served as the major source for H9N2 gene segments in the Middle East and Central Asia and that in this geographic region within-country evolution played a more important role in shaping viral genetic diversity than migration between countries. The genetic variability identified among the H9N2 viruses was associated with specific amino acid substitutions that are believed to result in increased transmissibility in mammals, as well as resistance to antiviral drugs. Our study highlights the need to constantly monitor the evolution of H9N2 viruses in poultry to better understand the potential risk to human health posed by these viruses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00219-11","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,17]],"date-time":"2011-06-17T03:15:39Z","timestamp":1308280539000},"page":"8413-8421","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":150,"title":["Phylogeography and Evolutionary History of Reassortant H9N2 Viruses with Potential Human Health Implications"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"Alice","family":"Fusaro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Research &amp; Development Department, OIE\/Food and Agriculture Organization and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, OIE Collaborating Center for Diseases at the Human-Animal Interface, Viale dell'Universit\u00e0 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabella","family":"Monne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Research &amp; 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