{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T14:46:42Z","timestamp":1790174802209,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,1]],"date-time":"2011-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1304208000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Virol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Trichomonas vaginalis<\/jats:named-content>\n            , which causes the most common nonviral sexually transmitted disease worldwide, is itself commonly infected by nonsegmented double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) viruses from the genus\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Trichomonasvirus<\/jats:named-content>\n            , family\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Totiviridae<\/jats:named-content>\n            . To date, cDNA sequences of one or more strains of each of three trichomonasvirus species have been reported, and gel electrophoresis showing several different dsRNA molecules obtained from a few\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">T. vaginalis<\/jats:named-content>\n            isolates has suggested that more than one virus strain might concurrently infect the same parasite cell. Here, we report the complete cDNA sequences of 3 trichomonasvirus strains, one from each of the 3 known species, infecting a single, agar-cloned clinical isolate of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">T. vaginalis<\/jats:named-content>\n            , confirming the natural capacity for concurrent (in this case, triple) infections in this system. We furthermore report the complete cDNA sequences of 11 additional trichomonasvirus strains, from 4 other clinical isolates of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">T. vaginalis<\/jats:named-content>\n            . These additional strains represent the three known trichomonasvirus species, as well as a newly identified fourth species. Moreover, 2 of these other\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">T. vaginalis<\/jats:named-content>\n            isolates are concurrently infected by strains of all 4 trichomonasvirus species (i.e., quadruple infections). In sum, the full-length cDNA sequences of these 14 new trichomonasviruses greatly expand the existing data set for members of this genus and substantiate our understanding of their genome organizations, protein-coding and replication signals, diversity, and phylogenetics. The complexity of this virus-host system is greater than has been previously well recognized and suggests a number of important questions relating to the pathogenesis and disease outcomes of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">T. vaginalis<\/jats:named-content>\n            infections of the human genital mucosa.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00220-11","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,24]],"date-time":"2011-02-24T04:23:04Z","timestamp":1298521384000},"page":"4258-4270","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["Clinical Isolates of Trichomonas vaginalis Concurrently Infected by Strains of Up to Four Trichomonasvirus Species (Family Totiviridae)"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"Russell P.","family":"Goodman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taylor S.","family":"Freret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomasz","family":"Kula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander M.","family":"Geller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan W. 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