{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T23:37:52Z","timestamp":1792798672788,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,12]],"date-time":"2017-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1494547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,1]],"date-time":"2017-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1496275200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Imai Memorial Trust"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008880","name":"Kanae Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008880","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007449","name":"Takeda Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007449","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003478","name":"Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["26361601"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["26361601"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003478","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008732","name":"Uehara Memorial Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008732","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005865","name":"Mochida Memorial Foundation for Medical and Pharmaceutical Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Platform for Dynamic Approaches to Living System"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Platform for Dynamic Approaches to Living System"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Research on HIV\/AIDS 16fk0410203h002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Research on HIV\/AIDS 16fk0410203h002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003837","name":"Ichiro Kanehara Foundation for the Promotion of Medical Sciences and Medical Care","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008608","name":"Sumitomo Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008608","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007434","name":"Suzuken Memorial Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007434","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001700","name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Scientific Research on Innovative Areas 24115008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Scientific Research on Innovative Areas 24115008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Scientific Research C 15K07166"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Scientific Research C 15K07166"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Scientific Research B (Generative Research Fields) 16KT0111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Scientific Research B (Generative Research Fields) 16KT0111"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Research Fellowship PD 15J06242"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Research Fellowship PD 15J06242"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Core-to-Core program"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Core-to-Core program"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002241","name":"MEXT | Japan Science and Technology Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CREST"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CREST"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002241","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Virol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>The interplay between viral and host proteins has been well studied to elucidate virus-host interactions and their relevance to virulence. Mammalian genes encode apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide-like 3 (APOBEC3) proteins, which act as intrinsic restriction factors against lentiviruses. To overcome APOBEC3-mediated antiviral actions, lentiviruses have evolutionarily acquired an accessory protein, viral infectivity factor (Vif), and Vif degrades host APOBEC3 proteins via a ubiquitin\/proteasome-dependent pathway. Although the Vif-APOBEC3 interaction and its evolutionary significance, particularly those of primate lentiviruses (including HIV) and primates (including humans), have been well investigated, those of nonprimate lentiviruses and nonprimates are poorly understood. Moreover, the factors that determine lentiviral pathogenicity remain unclear. Here, we focus on feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), a pathogenic lentivirus in domestic cats, and the interaction between FIV Vif and feline APOBEC3 in terms of viral virulence and evolution. We reveal the significantly reduced diversity of FIV subtype B compared to that of other subtypes, which may associate with the low pathogenicity of this subtype. We also demonstrate that FIV subtype B Vif is less active with regard to feline APOBEC3 degradation. More intriguingly, we further reveal that FIV protease cleaves feline APOBEC3 in released virions. Taken together, our findings provide evidence that a lentivirus encodes two types of anti-APOBEC3 factors, Vif and viral protease.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>\n            During the history of mammalian evolution, mammals coevolved with retroviruses, including lentiviruses. All pathogenic lentiviruses, excluding equine infectious anemia virus, have acquired the\n            <jats:italic>vif<\/jats:italic>\n            gene via evolution to combat APOBEC3 proteins, which are intrinsic restriction factors against exogenous lentiviruses. Here we demonstrate that FIV, a pathogenic lentivirus in domestic cats, antagonizes feline APOBEC3 proteins by both Vif and a viral protease. Furthermore, the Vif proteins of an FIV subtype (subtype B) have attenuated their anti-APOBEC3 activity through evolution. Our findings can be a clue to elucidate the complicated evolutionary processes by which lentiviruses adapt to mammals.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00250-17","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,23]],"date-time":"2017-03-23T00:32:20Z","timestamp":1490229140000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Evolutionarily Acquires Two Proteins, Vif and Protease, Capable of Antagonizing Feline APOBEC3"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"91","author":[{"given":"Rokusuke","family":"Yoshikawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junko S.","family":"Takeuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eri","family":"Yamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yusuke","family":"Nakano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naoko","family":"Misawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuichi","family":"Kimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fengrong","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioinformatics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takayuki","family":"Miyazawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan"},{"name":"Laboratory of Virolution, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshio","family":"Koyanagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4431-1380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kei","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan"},{"name":"CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1126531"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2010.0031"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07390"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","first-page":"111","volume-title":"Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference","author":"Groves CP","year":"2005","unstructured":"Groves CP . 2005. Order primates, p 111\u2013184. In Wilson DE Reeder DM (ed), Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference, 3rd ed. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD.","edition":"3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2008.04.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2013.10.033"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2015.03.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature00939"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01976-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2199-9-104"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddh183"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0020275"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003135"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2011.11.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2012.0496"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2011.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00685-10"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3643650"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2008-9-3-r48"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00209-10"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.05218-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02612-15"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v4030383"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-78-9-2247"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7824947"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1702(98)00085-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.68.4.2230-2238.1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2010.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1515613113"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0010006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00752-13"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/pdb.ip067579"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.08.024"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.1992.8.1549"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.65.8.4539-4542.1991"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.65.3.1572-1577.1991"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.18736-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-75-8-1935"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2006.06.055"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00692-12"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)98720-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-009-0587-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00310-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2011.05.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328013d88a"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.60.315"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1999.9831"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.83268-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a006841"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2009.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.19743-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.1995.11.531"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-77-9-2031"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.056"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-74-3-425"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1983.0039"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","first-page":"279","volume-title":"Fields virology","author":"Braciale TJ","year":"2007","unstructured":"Braciale TJ Hahn YS Barton DR . 2007. The adaptive immune response to viruses, p 279\u2013325. In Knipe DM Howley PM Griffin DE Lamb RA Martin MA Roizman B Straus SE (ed), Fields virology, 5th ed, vol 1. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA.","edition":"5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2012.01.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctvjghw98"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1348-0421.12371"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2015.04.038"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/mst010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/14.9.817"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/syq010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/mst197"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026334"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msm088"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000027"}],"container-title":["Journal of Virology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/JVI.00250-17","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/JVI.00250-17","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,5]],"date-time":"2022-03-05T14:21:23Z","timestamp":1646490083000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/JVI.00250-17"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Susan R.","family":"Ross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,6]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/JVI.00250-17"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jvi.00250-17","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-538X","1098-5514"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-538X","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5514","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2017-02-13","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2017-02-28","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2017-05-12","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e00250-17"}}