{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T14:01:42Z","timestamp":1784642502903,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784592000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784592000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Virol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>Classical swine fever (CSF), caused by classical swine fever virus (CSFV), continues to threaten the global swine industry. Current E2-based subunit vaccines are limited by their slow adaptation to emerging viral strains and insufficient cell-mediated immunity. To address these challenges, we developed mRNA-lipid nanoparticle (LNP) vaccines encoding modified forms of the CSFV E2 glycoprotein. In this study, we constructed three novel mRNA-LNP vaccines encoding engineered E2 proteins: E2-mRNA-LNP, XCL1-E2-mRNA-LNP containing the X-C motif chemokine ligand 1 (XCL1) to target dendritic cells, and Ub-E2-mRNA-LNP containing ubiquitin (Ub) to enhance antigen presentation through Ub-mediated degradation. These vaccines were evaluated in rabbits and piglets. Following challenge with the live attenuated CSFV C-strain, rabbits immunized with XCL1-E2-mRNA-LNP or Ub-E2-mRNA-LNP exhibited neither fever nor detectable viral RNA in the spleens. Notably, immunization with Ub-E2-mRNA-LNP conferred complete protection against challenge with the highly virulent CSFV Shimen strain in piglets, outperforming the E2-based subunit vaccine, the unmodified E2-mRNA-LNP, and XCL1-E2-mRNA-LNP. Further analysis revealed that Ub-E2-mRNA-LNP elicited more potent antibody and cell-mediated immune responses. Our study demonstrates that Ub-E2-mRNA-LNP is a promising vaccine candidate for CSF prevention.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>CSF remains a major threat to the global swine industry. Recently, a moderately virulent subgenotype CSFV 2.1c strain was isolated and reported in China. Given that the mRNA platform enables rapid vaccine development to address emerging pathogens, we constructed three nucleoside-modified mRNA-LNP vaccines expressing engineered E2 glycoproteins of CSFV, including E2-mRNA-LNP, XCL1-E2-mRNA-LNP (targeting dendritic cells), and Ub-E2-mRNA-LNP (enhancing proteasomal degradation). Evaluated in rabbits, XCL1-E2- and Ub-E2-mRNA-LNPs conferred strong protection against CSFV C-strain challenge, with no fever or detectable virus in tissues. Both induced stronger antibody responses than E2-mRNA-LNP. Notably, Ub-E2-mRNA-LNP provided complete protection in piglets, superior to the E2-based subunit vaccine, E2-mRNA-LNP, or XCL1-E2-mRNA-LNP groups and eliciting robust humoral and cellular immunity. These results highlight Ub-E2-mRNA-LNP as a highly promising candidate for an effective CSF vaccine.<\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00269-26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T13:00:42Z","timestamp":1781269242000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A ubiquitinated E2-based mRNA vaccine confers complete protection against lethal challenge with classical swine fever virus"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"100","author":[{"given":"Huanjie","family":"Zhai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)","place":["Harbin, People's Republic of 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