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A vaccine is urgently needed in areas where HTLV-1 is endemic. Many vaccines are best tested in nonhuman primate animal models. As a first step in designing an effective HTLV-1 vaccine, we defined the CD8\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            and CD4\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            T cell response against simian T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (STLV-1), a virus closely related to HTLV-1, in olive baboons (\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Papio<\/jats:named-content>\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">anubis<\/jats:named-content>\n            ). Consistent with persistent antigenic exposure, we observed that STLV-1-specific CD8\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            T cells displayed an effector memory phenotype and usually expressed CD107a, gamma interferon (IFN-\u03b3), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-\u03b1). To assess the viral targets of the cellular immune response in STLV-1-infected animals, we used intracellular cytokine staining to detect responses against overlapping peptides covering the entire STLV-1 proteome. Our results show that, similarly to humans, the baboon CD8\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            T cell response narrowly targeted the Tax protein. Our findings suggest that the STLV-1-infected baboon model may recapitulate some of the important aspects of the human response against HTLV-1 and could be an important tool for the development of immune-based therapy and prophylaxis.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>\n            HTLV-1 infection can lead to many different and often fatal conditions. A vaccine deployed in areas of high prevalence might reduce the incidence of HTLV-1-induced disease. Unfortunately, there are very few animal models of HTLV-1 infection useful for testing vaccine approaches. Here we describe cellular immune responses in baboons against a closely related virus, STLV-1. We show for the first time that the immune response against STLV-1 in naturally infected baboons is largely directed against the Tax protein. Similar findings in humans and the sequence similarity between the human and baboon viruses suggest that the STLV-1-infected baboon model might be useful for developing a vaccine against HTLV-1.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00281-16","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,17]],"date-time":"2016-03-17T02:54:48Z","timestamp":1458183288000},"page":"5280-5291","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Cellular Immune Responses against Simian T-Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 Target Tax in Infected Baboons"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"90","author":[{"given":"Iris","family":"Castro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teresa M.","family":"Giret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of 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