{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T00:57:37Z","timestamp":1790470657778,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,15]],"date-time":"2015-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1436918400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Virol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Several members of the\n            <jats:italic>Arenaviridae<\/jats:italic>\n            family cause hemorrhagic fever disease in humans and pose serious public health problems in their geographic regions of endemicity as well as a credible biodefense threat. To date, there have been no FDA-approved arenavirus vaccines, and current antiarenaviral therapy is limited to an off-label use of ribavirin that is only partially effective. Arenaviruses are enveloped viruses with a bisegmented negative-stranded RNA genome. Each genome segment uses an ambisense coding strategy to direct the synthesis of two viral polypeptides in opposite orientations, separated by a noncoding intergenic region. Here we have used minigenome-based approaches to evaluate expression levels of reporter genes from the nucleoprotein (NP) and glycoprotein precursor (GPC) loci within the S segment of the prototypic arenavirus lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). We found that reporter genes are expressed to higher levels from the NP than from the GPC locus. Differences in reporter gene expression levels from the NP and GPC loci were confirmed with recombinant trisegmented LCM viruses. We then used reverse genetics to rescue a recombinant LCMV (rLCMV) containing a translocated viral S segment (rLCMV\/TransS), where the viral NP and GPC open reading frames replaced one another. The rLCMV\/TransS showed slower growth kinetics in cultured cells and was highly attenuated\n            <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n            in a mouse model of lethal LCMV infection, but immunization with rLCMV\/TransS conferred complete protection against a lethal challenge with wild-type LCMV. Attenuation of rLCMV\/TransS was associated with reduced NP expression levels. These results open a new avenue for the development of arenavirus live attenuated vaccines based on rearrangement of their viral genome.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>\n            Several arenaviruses cause severe hemorrhagic fever in humans and also pose a credible bioterrorism threat. Currently, no FDA-licensed vaccines are available to combat arenavirus infections and antiarenaviral therapy is limited to the off-label use of ribavirin, which is only partially effective and associated with side effects. Here we describe, for the first time, the generation of a recombinant LCMV where the viral protein products encoded by the S RNA segment (NP and GPC) were swapped to generate rLCMV\/TransS. rLCMV\/TransS exhibited reduced viral multiplication in cultured cells and was highly attenuated\n            <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n            while conferring protection, upon a single immunization dose, against a lethal challenge with wild-type LCMV. Our studies provide a proof of concept for the rational development of safe and protective live attenuated vaccine candidates based on genome reorganization for the treatment of pathogenic arenavirus infections in humans.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00307-15","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,14]],"date-time":"2015-05-14T02:21:41Z","timestamp":1431570101000},"page":"7373-7384","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Arenavirus Genome Rearrangement for the Development of Live Attenuated Vaccines"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"89","author":[{"given":"Benson Yee Hin","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emilio","family":"Ortiz-Ria\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Carlos","family":"de la Torre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Sobrido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","first-page":"1791","volume-title":"Fields virology","author":"Buchmeier MJ","year":"2007","unstructured":"Buchmeier MJ, de la Torre JC, Peters CJ. 2007. Arenaviridae: the viruses and their replication, p 1791\u20131827. In Knipe DM, Howley PM, Griffin DE, Lamb RA, Martin MA, Roizman B, Straus SE (ed), Fields virology, 5th ed, vol II. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA, USA.","edition":"5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.18.2391"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","first-page":"75","article-title":"Lassa fever","volume":"262","author":"McCormick JB","year":"2002","unstructured":"McCormick JB, Fisher-Hoch SP. 2002. Lassa fever. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 262:75\u2013109.","journal-title":"Curr Top Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","volume-title":"Lassa fever reported in U.S. traveler returning from West Africa","author":"CDC","year":"2014","unstructured":"CDC. 4 April 2014. Lassa fever reported in U.S. traveler returning from West Africa. 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