{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T05:51:59Z","timestamp":1789451519532,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,1]],"date-time":"2009-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1259625600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Virol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            The role of blood in the iatrogenic transmission of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) or prion disease has become an increasing concern since the reports of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) transmission through blood transfusion from humans with subclinical infection. The development of highly sensitive rapid assays to screen for prion infection in blood is of high priority in order to facilitate the prevention of transmission via blood and blood products. In the present study we show that PrP\n            <jats:sup>sc<\/jats:sup>\n            , a surrogate marker for TSE infection, can be detected in cells isolated from the blood from naturally and experimentally infected sheep by using a rapid ligand-based immunoassay. In sheep with clinical disease, PrP\n            <jats:sup>sc<\/jats:sup>\n            was detected in the blood of 55% of scrapie agent-infected animals (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 80) and 71% of animals with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 7). PrP\n            <jats:sup>sc<\/jats:sup>\n            was also detected several months before the onset of clinical signs in a subset of scrapie agent-infected sheep, followed from 3 months of age to clinical disease. This study confirms that PrP\n            <jats:sup>sc<\/jats:sup>\n            is associated with the cellular component of blood and can be detected in preclinical sheep by an immunoassay in the absence of in vitro or in vivo amplification.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00311-09","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,10]],"date-time":"2009-09-10T00:45:40Z","timestamp":1252543540000},"page":"12552-12558","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Detection of PrP\n            <sup>sc<\/sup>\n            in Blood from Sheep Infected with the Scrapie and Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Agents"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"L. A.","family":"Terry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Pathogenesis and Genetics"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Howells","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Pathogenesis and Genetics"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Hawthorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Pathogenesis and Genetics"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. C.","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Pathogenesis and Genetics"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. J.","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropathology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. J.","family":"Bellworthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropathology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Simmons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Service Unit, Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Lizano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IDEXX Corporation, Westbrook Drive, Portland, Maine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Estey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IDEXX Corporation, Westbrook Drive, Portland, Maine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Leathers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IDEXX Corporation, Westbrook Drive, Portland, Maine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. J.","family":"Everest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Pathogenesis and Genetics"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-81-12-3115"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.157.7.206"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mlc.2001.111951"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1537-2995.1998.38998408999.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1286"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","unstructured":"SEAC 100\/6. 2008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","first-page":"1","volume":"49","year":"2005","unstructured":"EFSA. 2005. Scientific report on the evaluation of rapid post mortem TSE tests intended for small ruminants. EFSA J.49:1-16.","journal-title":"EFSA J."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.42-3-258"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-3-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.158.10.325"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.162.13.397"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870802000209"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69897-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16812-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","first-page":"499","volume":"9","year":"2002","unstructured":"Herrmann, L. M., T. V. Baszler, D. P. Knowles, and W. P. Cheevers. 2002. PrPsc is not detected in peripheral blood leukocytes of scrapie-infected sheep: determining the limit of sensitivity by immunohistochemistry. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol.9:499-502.","journal-title":"Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1880"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02719-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-04-152520"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","unstructured":"HPA. 2007. Fourth case of variant CJD infection associated with blood transfusion. Health Protection Agency London United Kingdom. http:\/\/www.hpa.org.uk\/hpa\/news\/articles\/press_releases\/2007\/070118_vCJD.htm\n."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-83-11-2897"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","first-page":"8","volume":"12","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ironside, J. W. 2006.Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: risk of transmission by blood transfusion and blood therapies. 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