{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T06:13:01Z","timestamp":1789884781499,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782172800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI165821"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI165821"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01AI153700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01AI153700"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["75N93021C00015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["75N93021C00015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000011","name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Investigator"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Investigator"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000011","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 CA015704 (RRID:SCR_022606), S10-OD-020069,S10-OD-028685"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 CA015704 (RRID:SCR_022606), S10-OD-020069,S10-OD-028685"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Virol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>The 2023\/2024 influenza vaccine included an updated H1N1 component designed to better match a new clade of H1N1 that had multiple mutations in antigenic epitopes of hemagglutinin. Despite this update, the vaccine trended toward being less effective against the vaccine-matched H1N1 clade than the parental H1N1 clade lacking the new antigenic mutations. Here, we measure neutralization titers of serum antibodies from individuals who had received either a recombinant protein or an egg-derived vaccine against a set of viruses with hemagglutinins from 58 H1N1 strains representative of the diversity during the 2023\/2024 season. We find that egg-derived vaccine recipients, but not recombinant protein vaccine recipients, had a relatively lower boost in neutralizing titers to the new clade that the updated vaccine was designed to target. We suggest that the difference in the extent that the egg-derived vs recombinant protein vaccines boosted neutralizing titers to the new H1N1 clade is because the seed strain for the egg-derived vaccine strain had acquired a reversion of a key antigenic mutation (K142R) present in that clade. Our results show how egg-derived vs recombinant protein vaccines can elicit different relative titer boosts against different subsets of viral strains, a phenomenon that could impact vaccine effectiveness.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Influenza vaccines can be produced from virus grown in eggs or grown in cells or made with recombinant protein. Egg-derived influenza vaccines often contain egg-adaptive mutations in the viral antigen hemagglutinin (HA) which can impact the antigenicity or immunogenicity of the HA. In this study, we compare neutralization titers from egg-derived and recombinant protein vaccine recipients against recently circulating influenza A(H1N1) strains. We find that the egg-derived vaccine induces less of a boost in titers than the recombinant protein vaccine to the new clade of viral strains that the vaccine was designed to target.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00317-26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T13:00:17Z","timestamp":1779886817000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Strain-specific differences in the response to egg-derived versus recombinant protein influenza vaccines"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"100","author":[{"given":"Andrea N.","family":"Loes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/006w34k90","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute","place":["Seattle, USA"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/007ps6h72","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Division of Basic Sciences and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutch Cancer Center","place":["Seattle, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosario Araceli L.","family":"Tarabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/007ps6h72","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Division of Basic Sciences and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutch Cancer Center","place":["Seattle, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuk Hang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00b30xv10","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania","place":["Philadelphia, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reilly K.","family":"Atkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00b30xv10","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania","place":["Philadelphia, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Huddleston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/007ps6h72","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center","place":["Seattle, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8654-5663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline","family":"Kikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/007ps6h72","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Division of Basic Sciences and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutch Cancer Center","place":["Seattle, USA"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00cvxb145","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington","place":["Seattle, USA"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00cvxb145","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington","place":["Seattle, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tachianna","family":"Griffiths","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00b30xv10","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania","place":["Philadelphia, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth M.","family":"Drapeau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00b30xv10","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania","place":["Philadelphia, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sook-San","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02zhqgq86","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong","place":["Hong Kong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7293-2331","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Samuel M. S.","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02zhqgq86","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong","place":["Hong Kong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy H. 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Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/m\/item\/recommended-composition-of-influenza-virus-vaccines-for-use-in-the-2023-2024-northern-hemisphere-influenza-season"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1186430"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2017.22.13.30494"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_18_2","unstructured":"CDC. 2024. Influenza activity in the United States during the 2023\u20132024 season and composition of the 2024\u20132025 influenza vaccine. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/flu\/whats-new\/flu-summary-2023-2024.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bty407"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btl505"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2024.29.8.2400089"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2024.29.7.2400076"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciae658"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2010.08.027"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bsheal.2019.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-44551-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy376"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_28_2","unstructured":"FDA. 2026. Flulaval package insert. 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Preliminary findings from the dynamics of the immune responses to repeat influenza vaccination exposures (DRIVE I) study: a randomized controlled trial. Clinical Infectious Diseases | Oxford Academic. 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