{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T06:13:30Z","timestamp":1790144010034,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,15]],"date-time":"2017-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1502755200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"HHS | National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 GM098550"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 GM098550"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"HHS | National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32 AI083196"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32 AI083196"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Virol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the etiological agent of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM\/TSP). HTLV-1 cell-to-cell transmission is dependent on the release of infectious virus particles into the virological synapse. The HTLV-1 particle structure is still poorly understood, and previous studies analyzed viruses produced by transformed lymphocytic cell lines chronically infected with HTLV-1, particularly the MT-2 cell line, which harbors truncated proviruses and expresses aberrant forms of the Gag protein. In this study, we demonstrate that the chronically infected SP cell line harbors a relatively low number of proviruses, making it a more promising experimental system for the study of the HTLV-1 particle structure. We first identified the genomic sites of integration and characterized the genetic structure of the\n            <jats:italic>gag<\/jats:italic>\n            region in each provirus. We also determined that despite encoding a truncated Gag protein, only the full-length Gag protein was incorporated into virus particles. Cryo-transmission electron microscopy analyses of the purified virus particles revealed three classes of particles based upon capsid core morphology: complete cores, incomplete cores, and particles without distinct electron densities that would correlate with the capsid region of a core structure. Observed cores were generally polygonal, and virus particles were on average 115 nm in diameter. These data corroborate particle morphologies previously observed for MT-2 cells and provide evidence that the known poor infectivity of HTLV-1 particles may correlate with HTLV-1 particle populations containing few virus particles possessing a complete capsid core structure.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>\n            Studies of retroviral particle core morphology have demonstrated a correlation between capsid core stability and the relative infectivity of the virus. In this study, we used cryo-transmission electron microscopy to demonstrate that HTLV-1 particles produced from a distinct chronically infected cell line are polymorphic in nature, with many particles lacking organized electron densities that would correlate with a complete core structure. These findings have important implications for infectious HTLV-1 spread, particularly in the context of cell-to-cell transmission, a critical step in HTLV-1 transmission and pathogenesis.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00369-17","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,15]],"date-time":"2017-06-15T00:40:24Z","timestamp":1497487224000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Polymorphic Nature of Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Particle Cores as Revealed through Characterization of a Chronically Infected Cell Line"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"91","author":[{"given":"Morgan E.","family":"Meissner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA"},{"name":"Molecular, Cellular, Developmental Biology, and Genetics Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luiza M.","family":"Mendon\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA"},{"name":"Division of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA"},{"name":"Division of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA"},{"name":"Characterization Facility, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA"},{"name":"Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louis M.","family":"Mansky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA"},{"name":"Division of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA"},{"name":"Molecular, Cellular, Developmental Biology, and Genetics Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA"},{"name":"Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.79.6.2031"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6600519"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.77.12.7415"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46652015000100001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1349-7006.2010.01820.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2012.00388"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(85)92734-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)91298-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/294770a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1745"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.30.4.905-910.1992"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.278.5339.849"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.11.5277-5287.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.21.13463-13472.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v8020031"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2015.03.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbi.2005.03.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1994.1581"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2004.02.036"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.18.8461-8468.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.24264"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","first-page":"978","article-title":"A T-cell line derived from normal human cord leukocytes by co-culturing with human leukemic T-cells","volume":"72","author":"Miyoshi I","year":"1981","unstructured":"Miyoshi I Kubonishi I Yoshimoto S Shiraishi Y . 1981. 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