{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T11:01:42Z","timestamp":1792666902414,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,15]],"date-time":"2007-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1195084800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Virol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Cell-free human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) can initiate infections, but contact between infected and uninfected T cells can enhance viral spread through intercellular structures called virological synapses (VS). The relative contribution of VS to cell-free viral transfer has not been carefully measured. Using an ultrasensitive, fluorescent virus transfer assay, we estimate that when VS between HIV-expressing Jurkat T cells and primary CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells are formed, cell-associated transfer of virus is 18,000-fold more efficient than uptake of cell-free virus. Furthermore, in contrast to cell-free virus uptake, the VS deposits virus rapidly into focal, trypsin-resistant compartments in target T cells. This massive virus internalization requires Env-CD4 receptor interactions but is resistant to inhibition by patient-derived neutralizing antisera that inhibit homologous cell-free virus. Deleting the Env cytoplasmic tail does not abrogate VS-mediated transfer, but it renders the VS sensitive to neutralizing antibodies, suggesting that the tail limits exposure of VS-neutralizing epitopes on the surface of infected cells. Dynamic live imaging of the VS reveals that HIV-expressing cells are polarized and make sustained, Env-dependent contacts with target cells through uropod-like structures. The polarized T-cell morphology, Env-CD4 coordinated adhesion, and viral transfer from HIV-infected to uninfected cells suggest that VS allows HIV-1 to evade antibody neutralization and to disseminate efficiently. Future studies will discern to what extent this massive viral transfer contributes to productive infection or viral dissemination through the migration of virus-carrying T cells.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00381-07","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,8,29]],"date-time":"2007-08-29T20:59:47Z","timestamp":1188421187000},"page":"12582-12595","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":425,"title":["Predominant Mode of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Transfer between T Cells Is Mediated by Sustained Env-Dependent Neutralization-Resistant Virological Synapses"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"Ping","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Hu\u0308bner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew A.","family":"Spinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin K.","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 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