{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T21:31:19Z","timestamp":1791235879615,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,1]],"date-time":"2009-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1246406400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Virol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Enterovirus 71 (EV71) infects the central nervous system and causes death and long-term neurological sequelae in hundreds of thousands of young children, but its pathogenesis remains elusive. Immunopathological mechanisms have been suspected to contribute to the pathogenesis of neurological symptoms, so anti-inflammatory agents have been used to treat patients with neurological symptoms. The present study was therefore designed to investigate the functions of lymphocyte and antibody responses in EV71 infection using a mouse model. Immunohistochemical staining analysis revealed virus and three types of lymphocytes, B cells, CD4 T cells, and CD8 T cells, in the spinal cord of an EV71-infected patient who died. A study of mice showed that the levels of virus and lymphocytes in brains and antibody titers in sera were elevated during the time when the mice succumbed to death in a phenomenon analogous to that observed in patients. Further studies demonstrated that after infection, the disease severity, mortality, and tissue viral loads of mice deficient in B, CD4 T, or CD8 T cells were significantly higher than those of wild-type mice. In addition, treatment with a virus-specific antibody, but not a control antibody, before or after infection significantly reduced the disease severity, mortality, and tissue viral loads of mice deficient in B cells. Our results show that both lymphocyte and antibody responses protect mice from EV71 infection. Our study suggests the use of vaccines and virus-specific antibodies to control fatal outbreaks and raises caution over the use of corticosteroids to treat EV71-infected patients with neurological symptoms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00434-09","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,23]],"date-time":"2009-04-23T00:34:56Z","timestamp":1240446896000},"page":"6477-6483","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":89,"title":["Lymphocyte and Antibody Responses Reduce Enterovirus 71 Lethality in Mice by Decreasing Tissue Viral Loads"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Yu-Wen","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kung-Chao","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chia-Min","family":"Kao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shih-Ping","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuk-Ying","family":"Tung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Statistical Analysis Laboratory, Institute of Education, College of Social Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan 701, Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shun-Hua","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Sciences"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of 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