{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:23:38Z","timestamp":1791419018741,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,15]],"date-time":"2015-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1436918400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Virol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is a human herpesvirus, which during primary infection typically causes varicella (chicken pox) and establishes lifelong latency in sensory and autonomic ganglia. Later in life, the virus may reactivate to cause herpes zoster (HZ; also known as shingles). To prevent these diseases, a live-attenuated heterogeneous vaccine preparation, vOka, is used routinely in many countries worldwide. Recent studies of another alphaherpesvirus, infectious laryngotracheitis virus, demonstrate that live-attenuated vaccine strains can recombine\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    , creating virulent progeny. These findings raised concerns about using attenuated herpesvirus vaccines under conditions that favor recombination. To investigate whether VZV may undergo recombination, which is a prerequisite for VZV vaccination to create such conditions, we here analyzed 115 complete VZV genomes. Our results demonstrate that recombination occurs frequently for VZV. It thus seems that VZV is fully capable of recombination if given the opportunity, which may have important implications for continued VZV vaccination. Although no interclade vaccine-wild-type recombinant strains were found, intraclade recombinants were frequently detected in clade 2, which harbors the vaccine strains, suggesting that the vaccine strains have already been involved in recombination events, either\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    or\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    during passages in cell culture. Finally, previous partial and complete genomic studies have described strains that do not cluster phylogenetically to any of the five established clades. The additional VZV strains sequenced here, in combination with those previously published, have enabled us to formally define a novel sixth VZV clade.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>\n                    Although genetic recombination has been demonstrated to frequently occur for other human alphaherpesviruses, herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2, only a few ancient and isolated recent recombination events have hitherto been demonstrated for VZV. In the present study, we demonstrate that VZV also frequently undergoes genetic recombination, including strains belonging to the clade containing the vOKA strain.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00437-15","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,29]],"date-time":"2015-04-29T22:12:03Z","timestamp":1430345523000},"page":"7133-7146","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":78,"title":["Recombination of Globally Circulating Varicella-Zoster Virus"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"89","author":[{"given":"Peter","family":"Norberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Section for Clinical Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel P.","family":"Depledge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Centre for Medical Molecular Virology, Division of Infection and Immunity, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samit","family":"Kundu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Centre for Medical Molecular Virology, Division of Infection and Immunity, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Atkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julianne","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology, Virology and Infection Prevention and Control, Camelia Botnar Laboratories, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanzina","family":"Haque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yusuf","family":"Hussaini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eithne","family":"MacMahon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Thomas' Hospital, Guy's &amp; St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pamela","family":"Molyneaux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vassiliki","family":"Papaevangelou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Third Department of Pediatrics, University of Athens School of Medicine, University General Hospital ATTIKON, Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nitu","family":"Sengupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ealing Services for Children with Additional Needs, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evelyn S. C.","family":"Koay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Diagnosis Centre, Department of Laboratory Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julian W.","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Microbiology, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gillian S.","family":"Underhill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Grahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Section for Clinical Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Studahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Section for Clinical Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith","family":"Breuer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Centre for Medical Molecular Virology, Division of Infection and Immunity, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomas","family":"Bergstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Section for Clinical Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5520(05)70313-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","first-page":"9","article-title":"The nature of herpes zoster: a long-term study and a new hypothesis","volume":"58","author":"Hope-Simpson RE","year":"1965","unstructured":"Hope-Simpson RE. 1965. The nature of herpes zoster: a long-term study and a new hypothesis. Proc R Soc Med 58:9\u201320.","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","first-page":"41","article-title":"Polymerase chain reaction for diagnosis of varicella zoster virus central nervous system infections without skin manifestations","volume":"100","author":"Bergstrom T","year":"1996","unstructured":"Bergstrom T. 1996. Polymerase chain reaction for diagnosis of varicella zoster virus central nervous system infections without skin manifestations. Scand J Infect Dis Suppl 100:41\u201345.","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis Suppl"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.1890430403"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2006.12.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410350505"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386-6532(02)00020-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2009.07.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(74)90144-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa051016"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","volume-title":"Zostavax (shingles [herpes zoster] vaccine [live]): EU summary of product characteristics","author":"European Medicines Agency","year":"2013","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency. 2013. Zostavax (shingles [herpes zoster] vaccine [live]): EU summary of product characteristics. European Medicines Agency, London, United Kingdom."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2009.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-67-9-1759"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.007658-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00835-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00715-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.017814-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2004.01.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2005.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00421-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.19.10755-10764.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0022527"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01987-13"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01310-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2008.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/344228"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.1890240310"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.4.1971-1979.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.06233-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-6259-0_5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.15.8349-8358.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20879"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21178"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026121"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16459-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2013.02.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.14.6256-6264.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.13.5740-5751.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-83-12-3103"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.20.10994-11005.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000872"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1704.101146"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01341-12"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","first-page":"540","article-title":"Direct isolation and identification of recombinant pseudorabies virus strains from tissues of experimentally co-infected swine","volume":"54","author":"Dangler CA","year":"1993","unstructured":"Dangler CA, Henderson LM, Bowman LA, Deaver RE. 1993. Direct isolation and identification of recombinant pseudorabies virus strains from tissues of experimentally co-infected swine. Am J Vet Res 54:540\u2013545.","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1217134"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.10.055"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.2010.00665.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/mst210"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0027805"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2012.0205"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp324"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.129684.111"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-6-298"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-10-S6-S18"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/14.1.68"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.1.152-160.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btq467"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msj030"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2006.09.037"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-9071(200008)61:4<497::AID-JMV13>3.0.CO;2-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01738-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2008.10.026"}],"container-title":["Journal of Virology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/JVI.00437-15","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/JVI.00437-15","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,5]],"date-time":"2022-03-05T10:47:11Z","timestamp":1646477231000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/JVI.00437-15"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"K.","family":"Frueh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,15]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,15]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/JVI.00437-15"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jvi.00437-15","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-538X","1098-5514"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-538X","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5514","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2015-02-18","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-04-23","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-06-18","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}