{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T15:45:58Z","timestamp":1773675958937,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,15]],"date-time":"2011-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1318636800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Virol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>The molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 is constantly changing, mainly as a result of human migratory flows and the high adaptive ability of the virus. In recent years, Spain has become one of Europe's main destinations for immigrants and one of the western European countries with the highest rates of HIV-positive patients. Using a phylogeographic approach, we have analyzed the relationship between HIV-1 variants detected in immigrant and native populations of the urban area of Madrid. Our project was based on two coincidental facts. First, resistance tests were extended to na\u00efve and newly diagnosed patients, and second, the Spanish government legislated the provision of legal status to many immigrants. This allowed us to obtain a large data set (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>= 2,792) from 11 Madrid hospitals of viral<jats:italic>pol<\/jats:italic>sequences from the two populations, and with this unique material, we explored the impact of immigration in the epidemiological trends of HIV-1 variants circulating in the largest Spanish city. The prevalence of infections by non-B HIV-1 variants in the studied cohort was 9%, rising to 25% among native Spanish patients. Multiple transmission events involving different lineages and subsubtypes were observed in all the subtypes and recombinant forms studied. Our results also revealed strong social clustering among the most recent immigrant groups, such as Russians and Romanians, but not in those groups who have lived in Madrid for many years. Additionally, we document for the first time the presence of CRF47_BF and CRF38_BF in Europe, and a new BG recombinant form found in Spaniards and Africans is tentatively proposed. These results suggest that the HIV-1 epidemic will evolve toward a more complex epidemiological landscape.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00454-11","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,28]],"date-time":"2011-07-28T03:26:09Z","timestamp":1311823569000},"page":"10755-10763","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Molecular Surveillance of HIV-1 in Madrid, Spain: a Phylogeographic Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"Jos\u00e9 M.","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Alba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Microbiolog\u00eda, Instituto Ram\u00f3n y Cajal de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER en Epidemiolog\u00eda y Salud P\u00fablica (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u00c1frica","family":"Holgu\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Microbiolog\u00eda, Instituto Ram\u00f3n y Cajal de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER en Epidemiolog\u00eda y Salud P\u00fablica (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rosa","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Inmunolog\u00eda, Fundaci\u00f3n Jim\u00e9nez-D\u00edaz, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Garc\u00eda-Bujalance","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Microbiolog\u00eda, Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Alonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Microbiolog\u00eda Hospital Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n, Hospital Carlos III, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Avelina","family":"Su\u00e1rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Microbiolog\u00eda Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos, Hospital Carlos III, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"Delgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servico de Microbiolog\u00eda Hospital 12 de Octubre, Hospital Carlos III, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Carde\u00f1oso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Microbiolog\u00eda Hospital La Princesa, Hospital Carlos III, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rosa","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servico de Microbiolog\u00eda Hospital Pr\u00edncipe de Asturias, Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Garc\u00eda-Bermejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Microbiolog\u00eda Hospital General de Getafe, Hospital Carlos III, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francisca","family":"Portero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servico de Microbiolog\u00eda Hospital Puerta de Hierro, Hospital Carlos III, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"de Mendoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Carlos III, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Candelas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBER en Epidemiolog\u00eda y Salud P\u00fablica (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Unidad Mixta Gen\u00f3mica y Salud CSISP\/Instituto Cavanilles-Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan-Carlos","family":"Gal\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Microbiolog\u00eda, Instituto Ram\u00f3n y Cajal de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER en Epidemiolog\u00eda y Salud P\u00fablica (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Unidad de Resistencia a Antibi\u00f3ticos y Virulencia Bacteriana (RYC-CSIC), Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10635150600755453"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.1997.13.363"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01403-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2008.05.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2009.0083"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-4-34"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.14.47.19413-en"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2010.0006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200204150-00016"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009311"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkn234"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2009.0311"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.70.10.7013-7029.1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qco.0000200293.45532.68"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00889-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-6-39"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10635150390235520"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16594-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01100-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000247564.73009.bc"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","unstructured":"HermA. 2008. Recent migration trends: citizens of EU-27 member states become ever more mobile while EU remains attractive to non-EU citizens. EUROSTAT: Statistics in focus 98\/2008. http:\/\/epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu\/cache\/ity_offpub\/ks-sf-08-098-en\/ks-sf-08-098-en.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200205240-00010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/157016208785132455"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2006.0191"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0709179104"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2003.11.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.3.1234-1240.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1007.030904","article-title":"Recombinant viruses and early global HIV-1 epidemic","volume":"10","author":"Kalish M. L.","year":"2004","unstructured":"KalishM. L.. 2004. Recombinant viruses and early global HIV-1 epidemic. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 10:1227\u20131234.","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qai.0000219784.81163.2e"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0050050"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.69.8.5087-5094.1995"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2008.0051"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1069660"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2007.0230"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-6-49"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21797"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.271.5255.1582"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20734"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(03)00484-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2016"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msn083"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg1246"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2008.0248"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","first-page":"406","article-title":"The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees","volume":"4","author":"Saitou N.","year":"1987","unstructured":"SaitouN. NeiM.. 1987. The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Mol. Biol. Evol. 4:406\u2013425.","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/496984"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e318046ea47"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000191497.00928.e4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200301030-00004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200408150-00013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0706737"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-4-67"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","unstructured":"VasilevaK. 2009. Citizens of European countries account for the majority of the foreign population in EU-27 in 2008. EUROSTAT: Statistics in focus 94\/2009. http:\/\/epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu\/cache\/ity_offpub\/ks-sf-09-094\/en\/ks-sf-09-094-en.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.22.10498-10507.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3283388742"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07390"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2008.0101"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268807009545"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-7-25"}],"container-title":["Journal of Virology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/JVI.00454-11","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/JVI.00454-11","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T21:01:26Z","timestamp":1741381286000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/JVI.00454-11"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,15]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,15]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/JVI.00454-11"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jvi.00454-11","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-538X","1098-5514"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-538X","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5514","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2011-03-07","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2011-07-18","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2011-09-21","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}