{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T17:39:05Z","timestamp":1791135545037,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,15]],"date-time":"2010-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1287100800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Virol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            The concentration of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is generally lower in breast milk than in blood. Mastitis, or inflammation of the breast, is associated with increased levels of milk HIV-1 and risk of mother-to-child transmission through breastfeeding. We hypothesized that mastitis facilitates the passage of HIV-1 from blood into milk or stimulates virus production within the breast. HIV-1\n            <jats:italic>env<\/jats:italic>\n            sequences were generated from single amplicons obtained from breast milk and blood samples in a cross-sectional study. Viral compartmentalization was evaluated using several statistical methods, including the Slatkin and Maddison (SM) test. Mastitis was defined as an elevated milk sodium (Na\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            ) concentration. The association between milk Na\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            and the pairwise genetic distance between milk and blood viral sequences was modeled using linear regression. HIV-1 was compartmentalized within milk by SM testing in 6\/17 (35%) specimens obtained from 9 women, but all phylogenetic clades included viral sequences from milk and blood samples. Monotypic sequences were more prevalent in milk samples than in blood samples (22% versus 13%;\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            = 0.012), which accounted for half of the compartmentalization observed. Mastitis was not associated with compartmentalization by SM testing (\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            = 0.621), but Na\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            was correlated with greater genetic distance between milk and blood HIV-1 populations (\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            = 0.041). In conclusion, local production of HIV-1 within the breast is suggested by compartmentalization of virus and a higher prevalence of monotypic viruses in milk specimens. However, phylogenetic trees demonstrate extensive mixing of viruses between milk and blood specimens. HIV-1 replication in breast milk appears to increase with inflammation, contributing to higher milk viral loads during mastitis.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00543-10","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,22]],"date-time":"2010-07-22T02:45:06Z","timestamp":1279766706000},"page":"10812-10819","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Genetic Analyses of HIV-1\n            <i>env<\/i>\n            Sequences Demonstrate Limited Compartmentalization in Breast Milk and Suggest Viral Replication within the Breast That Increases with Mastitis"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"Soren","family":"Gantt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Pediatrics"},{"name":"Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacquelyn","family":"Carlsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Heath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta E.","family":"Bull","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Avinash K.","family":"Shetty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junior","family":"Mutsvangwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgina","family":"Musingwini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zimbabwe AIDS Prevention Project"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Godfrey","family":"Woelk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zimbabwe AIDS Prevention Project"},{"name":"Departments of Community Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynn S.","family":"Zijenah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zimbabwe AIDS Prevention Project"},{"name":"Immunology, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Katzenstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James 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