{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:31:44Z","timestamp":1787016704514,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,17]],"date-time":"2024-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,17]],"date-time":"2024-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726531200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["75N93021C00014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["75N93021C00014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Virol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Boosting with mRNA vaccines encoding variant-matched spike proteins has been implemented to mitigate their reduced efficacy against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants. Nonetheless, in humans, it remains unclear whether boosting in the ipsilateral or contralateral arm with respect to the priming doses impacts immunity and protection. Here, we boosted K18-hACE2 mice with either monovalent mRNA-1273 (Wuhan-1 spike) or bivalent mRNA-1273.214 (Wuhan-1 + BA.1 spike) vaccine in the ipsilateral or contralateral leg after a two-dose priming series with mRNA-1273. Boosting in the ipsilateral or contralateral leg elicited equivalent levels of serum IgG and neutralizing antibody responses against Wuhan-1 and BA.1. While contralateral boosting with mRNA vaccines resulted in the expansion of spike-specific B and T cells beyond the ipsilateral draining lymph node (DLN) to the contralateral DLN, administration of a third mRNA vaccine dose at either site resulted in similar levels of antigen-specific germinal center B cells, plasmablasts\/plasma cells, T follicular helper cells, and CD8\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      T cells in the DLNs and the spleen. Furthermore, ipsilateral and contralateral boosting with mRNA-1273 or mRNA-1273.214 vaccines conferred similar homologous or heterologous immune protection against SARS-CoV-2 BA.1 virus challenge with equivalent reductions in viral RNA and infectious virus in the nasal turbinates and lungs. Collectively, our data show limited differences in B and T cell immune responses after ipsilateral and contralateral site boosting by mRNA vaccines that do not substantively impact protection against an Omicron strain.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>Sequential boosting with mRNA vaccines has been an effective strategy to overcome waning immunity and neutralization escape by emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants. However, it remains unclear how the site of boosting relative to the primary vaccination series shapes optimal immune responses or breadth of protection against variants. In K18-hACE2 transgenic mice, we observed that intramuscular boosting with historical monovalent or variant-matched bivalent vaccines in the ipsilateral or contralateral limb elicited comparable levels of serum spike-specific antibody and antigen-specific B and T cell responses. Moreover, boosting on either side conferred equivalent protection against a SARS-CoV-2 Omicron challenge strain. Our data in mice suggest that the site of intramuscular boosting with an mRNA vaccine does not substantially impact immunity or protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection.<\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00574-24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]],"date-time":"2024-08-28T09:01:04Z","timestamp":1724835664000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Ipsilateral or contralateral boosting of mice with mRNA vaccines confers equivalent immunity and protection against a SARS-CoV-2 Omicron strain"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"98","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9344-9004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Baoling","family":"Ying","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine","place":["St. Louis, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chieh-Yu","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine","place":["St. Louis, USA"]},{"name":"Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine","place":["St. Louis, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pritesh","family":"Desai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine","place":["St. Louis, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzanne M.","family":"Scheaffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine","place":["St. Louis, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sayda M.","family":"Elbashir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moderna, Inc.","place":["Cambridge, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2065-2941","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Darin K.","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moderna, Inc.","place":["Cambridge, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larissa B.","family":"Thackray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine","place":["St. Louis, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8791-3165","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Michael S.","family":"Diamond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine","place":["St. Louis, USA"]},{"name":"Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine","place":["St. Louis, USA"]},{"name":"Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine","place":["St. Louis, USA"]},{"name":"The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine","place":["St. Louis, USA"]},{"name":"Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine","place":["St. Louis, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00320-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04387-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04388-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04411-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02219-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abm0829"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04527-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.01.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03738-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2115596"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.05.13.444010"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2114228"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.10650"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7107e2"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2119912"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.03.037"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-02092-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.12.033"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2213907"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2024.01.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abn5311"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2023.104743"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI176411"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2023.113665"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Corbett KS Edwards D Leist SR Abiona OM Boyoglu-Barnum S Gillespie RA Himansu S Sch\u00e4fer A Ziwawo CT DiPiazza AT et al.. 2020. SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine development enabled by prototype pathogen preparedness. bioRxiv:2020.06.11.145920. doi:10.1101\/2020.06.11.145920","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.06.11.145920"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.06.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01377-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-30878-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07539-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2024.02.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2024.02.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-024-01743-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abq7647"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-021-01122-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-03041-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.04.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04441-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bentley EG Kirby A Sharma P Kipar A Mega DF Bramwell C Penrice-Randal R Prince T Brown JC Zhou J Screaton GR Barclay WS Owen A Hiscox JA Stewart JP. 2021. SARS-CoV-2 Omicron-B.1.1.529 variant leads to less severe disease than Pango B and Delta variants strains in a mouse model of severe COVID-19. bioRxiv. doi:10.1101\/2021.12.26.474085","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.12.26.474085"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04442-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-1375091\/v1"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.11.032"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.09.063"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.07.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-022-01163-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.11.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.12.026"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04778-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06025-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.10.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-021-01126-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.128.2.639"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0912458109"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.add3075"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abc3582"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01294-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2895-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2009799117"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aaz6893"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2622-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2019.01.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.06.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpmc.100"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"VanBlargan LA Adams LJ Liu Z Chen RE Gilchuk P Raju S Smith BK Zhao H Case JB Winkler ES Whitener BM Droit L Aziati ID Shi P-Y Creanga A Pegu A Handley SA Wang D Boon ACM Crowe JE Whelan SPJ Fremont DH Diamond MS. 2021. A potently neutralizing anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody inhibits variants of concern by binding A highly conserved epitope. bioRxiv:2021.04.26.441501. doi:10.1101\/2021.04.26.441501","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.04.26.441501"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2020.05.015"}],"container-title":["Journal of Virology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/jvi.00574-24","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/jvi.00574-24","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]],"date-time":"2025-03-19T10:26:51Z","timestamp":1742380011000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/jvi.00574-24"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Kanta","family":"Subbarao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,17]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,17]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/jvi.00574-24"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jvi.00574-24","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2024.04.05.588051","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0022-538X","1098-5514"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-538X","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5514","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-04-03","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-07-26","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-08-28","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e00574-24"}}