{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T11:03:44Z","timestamp":1785409424385,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782172800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["104516\/Z\/14Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["104516\/Z\/14Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Public Health Agency HSCNI R&D Division","award":["Com\/4044\/09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Com\/4044\/09"]}]},{"name":"Public Health Agency HSCNI R&D Division","award":["RRG\/3244105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RRG\/3244105"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016337","name":"Department for the Economy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016337","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Virol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) disease burden is greatest between 6 weeks and 6 months of life, with young age the most common risk factor among hospitalized children. A robust innate immune response in the airway epithelium is crucial for mitigating RSV-associated disease, but early-life immune responses to infection remain largely unexplored. RNA-seq analysis of RSV-infected primary nasal epithelial cell cultures from healthy infants at birth and 1 year revealed diminished expression of interferon epsilon (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">IFNE<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), a poorly characterized type I IFN, in newborns vs 1 year. We hypothesized, therefore, that\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">IFNE<\/jats:italic>\n                      plays an important role during infant RSV infection. We found that\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">IFNE<\/jats:italic>\n                      is basally expressed in airway epithelial cell lines. Recombinant human IFN\u03b5 (rhIFN\u03b5) induced an antiviral state against an RSV clinical isolate and related Sendai virus, but not SARS-CoV-2 under the conditions tested. The antiviral potency of rhIFN\u03b5 was diminished relative to rhIFN beta (rhIFN\u03b21) or rhIFN lambda-1 (rhIFN\u03bb1), as evidenced by IC\n                      <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                      data. Importantly, rhIFN\u03b5 induced similar ISGs as rhIFN\u03b21 but demonstrated a transient temporal expression profile that differed from both rhIFN\u03b21 and rhIFN\u03bb1. These results suggest that lower IFN\u03b5 expression at birth may contribute to increased susceptibility to severe RSV-associated disease, offering insights into potential interventions.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major pediatric respiratory pathogen. Despite advances in vaccine development and monoclonal antibody prophylaxis, the immune factors driving RSV-associated disease remain unclear. Notably, severe disease is not limited to recognized high-risk groups; most affected children share only young age as a risk factor. To better understand virus-host interactions in early life, we previously derived primary airway epithelial cell cultures from the same healthy newborns at birth and at 1 year, infected them with a clinical RSV isolate, and performed total RNA sequencing. In this study, we present evidence that the transcriptional expression of interferon epsilon (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">IFNE<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), a relatively understudied type I interferon, varies with chronological age, coinciding with the period of the greatest burden of severe RSV-associated disease. We also show that recombinant human IFN\u03b5 exhibits antiviral activity against RSV in airway epithelial cells, although with reduced potency compared to other type I and III interferons. These results expand our understanding of interferon responses during early-life RSV infection and suggest that reduced IFN\u03b5 expression in newborns may partly explain their increased vulnerability to severe disease.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00578-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T13:17:15Z","timestamp":1778591835000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Age-dependent expression and antiviral activity of interferon epsilon in respiratory epithelium"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"100","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9307-5399","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mary","family":"McCabe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00hswnk62","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast","place":["Belfast, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9244-9961","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Helen E.","family":"Groves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00hswnk62","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast","place":["Belfast, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2027-7991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erin","family":"Getty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00hswnk62","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast","place":["Belfast, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00hswnk62","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast","place":["Belfast, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4895-1983","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Connor G. G.","family":"Bamford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00hswnk62","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"School of Biological Sciences & Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast","place":["Belfast, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0677-1194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David G.","family":"Courtney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00hswnk62","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast","place":["Belfast, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3011-0940","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Guillermo","family":"Lopez Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00hswnk62","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast","place":["Belfast, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3793-3571","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Michael D.","family":"Shields","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00hswnk62","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast","place":["Belfast, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3246-3774","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ultan F.","family":"Power","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00hswnk62","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast","place":["Belfast, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00478-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2110275"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2309189"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(24)00215-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2213836"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2216480"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0804877"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198208123070702"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz150"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/piab017"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit479"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir928"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa751"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz492"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1165\/ajrcmb\/6.4.369"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1110203109"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.76.11.5654-5666.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.595297"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/163.4.693"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.608645"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-019-0421-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiac404"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","article-title":"Gestational and postnatal age define airway epithelial maturation and RSV responses during the first year of life: results of an ex-vivo\/in-vitro airway epithelial cell study","author":"Groves HE","unstructured":"Groves HE, McCabe M, Coey JD, Broadbent L, Guo-Parke H, Lopez Campos G, Shields MD, Power UF. 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