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These diseases occur rarely, arising from one or a small subset of virally infected cells infrequently evolving into a pathogenic state. Thus, the process of HTLV-1 cell-to-cell transmission within the host helps influence the probability of disease development. HTLV-1 primarily infects T cells and initially spreads within this cell population when virally infected T cells dock to uninfected target T cells and then transfer HTLV-1 virus particles to the target cells. Here we found that the viral protein HTLV-1 bZIP factor (HBZ) promotes infectivity. HBZ accomplishes this task by increasing the surface abundance of a cellular adhesion protein known as intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), which helps initiate and stabilize contact (docking) between infected and target T cells. These results define a novel and unexpected function of HBZ, diverging from its defined functions in cellular survival and proliferation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00608-19","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,16]],"date-time":"2019-07-16T13:06:41Z","timestamp":1563282401000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 (HTLV-1) bZIP Factor Upregulates the Expression of ICAM-1 To Facilitate HTLV-1 Infection"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"93","author":[{"given":"Ana Laura","family":"Fazio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Brody School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wesley","family":"Kendle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brody School of Medicine, Department of 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