{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T17:42:26Z","timestamp":1775151746891,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,1]],"date-time":"2012-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1351728000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Virol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>A major goal in rabies virus (RV) research is to develop a single-dose postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) that would simplify vaccination protocols, reduce costs associated with rabies prevention in humans, and save lives. Live replication-deficient RV-based vaccines are emerging as promising single-dose vaccines to replace currently licensed inactivated RV-based vaccines. Nonetheless, little is known about how effective B cells develop in response to live RV-based vaccination. Understanding this fundamental property of rabies immunology may help in developing a single-dose RV vaccine. Typically, vaccines induce B cells secreting high-affinity, class-switched antibodies during germinal center (GC) reactions; however, there is a lag time between vaccination and the generation of GC B cells. In this report, we show that RV-specific antibodies are detected in mice immunized with live but not inactivated RV-based vaccines before B cells displaying a GC B cell phenotype (B220<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>GL7<jats:sup>hi<\/jats:sup>CD95<jats:sup>hi<\/jats:sup>) are formed, indicating a potential role for T cell-independent and early extrafollicular T cell-dependent antibody responses in the protection against RV infection. Using two mouse models of CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T cell deficiency, we show that B cells secreting virus-neutralizing antibodies (VNAs) are induced via T cell-independent mechanisms within 4 days postimmunization with a replication-deficient RV-based vaccine. Importantly, mice that are completely devoid of T cells (B6.129P2-<jats:italic>Tcr<\/jats:italic>\u03b2<jats:sup><jats:italic>tm1Mom<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sup><jats:italic>Tcr<\/jats:italic>\u03b4<jats:sup><jats:italic>tm1Mom<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sup>\/J) show protection against pathogenic challenge shortly after immunization with a live replication-deficient RV-based vaccine. We show that vaccines that can exploit early pathways of B cell activation and development may hold the key for the development of a single-dose RV vaccine wherein the rapid induction of VNA is critical.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00615-12","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,16]],"date-time":"2012-08-16T02:02:53Z","timestamp":1345082573000},"page":"11533-11540","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Protective Vaccine-Induced CD4<sup>+<\/sup>T Cell-Independent B Cell Responses against Rabies Infection"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"Corin L.","family":"Dorfmeier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew G.","family":"Lytle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amber L.","family":"Dunkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Gatt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James P.","family":"McGettigan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA"},{"name":"Jefferson Vaccine Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA"},{"name":"Kimmel Cancer Center, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.1990.3.41"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/605949"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.08.069"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-4141(200011)30:11<3121::AID-IMMU3121>3.0.CO;2-M"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001016"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.160.1.20","article-title":"Identification of the mouse IgG3 receptor: implications for antibody effector function at the interface between innate and adaptive immunity","volume":"160","author":"Gavin AL","year":"1998","unstructured":"GavinAL BarnesN DijstelbloemHM HogarthPM. 1998. 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