{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:29:56Z","timestamp":1787016596263,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758585600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758585600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017540","name":"Division of Intramural Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["75N93021C0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["75N93021C0001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017540","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UC7AI180311"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UC7AI180311"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R35GM154844"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R35GM154844"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Virol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>An unprecedented outbreak of a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, H5 clade 2.3.4.4b, was reported in U.S. dairy cattle during the spring of 2024. It has now spread to hundreds of herds across multiple states. In humans, antibodies to the hemagglutinin (HA) protein confer the strongest protection against infection. Human herd immunity limits viral spread but also drives the emergence of antigenic variants that escape dominant antibody responses. We used store-bought milk to profile the collective H5N1 antibody response of dairy cattle herds. We detected HA binding antibodies in specific samples from states with recent\/ongoing outbreaks. These antibodies present in milk neutralized replicating virus expressing dairy cattle HA and neuraminidase (NA). Despite originating from independent vendors, dairies\/plants, geographic regions, and time, antibodies present in these samples are remarkably similar in activity and HA binding specificity. The dominant antibody response was clade 2.3.4.4b HA specific, followed by cross-reactivity with other H5s. Whether the uniformity of the response is a pathway to achieve herd immunity or an avenue for antigenic variants to rapidly escape remains to be seen.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>Establishing human herd immunity ends pandemics. For influenza viruses, this immunity drives continued antigenic evolution that enables viruses to infect once-immune individuals. An outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus was detected in dairy cattle in 2024 and has spread rapidly across herds and states. We report approaches to assess dairy cattle herd immunity using store-bought milk samples. Across samples separated by geography and time, we find dairy cattle mount a strikingly similar antibody response that is strongest to the dairy cattle virus. Benchmarking immunity at this phase of the outbreak is important to understand either eradication or the emergence of antigenic variants that enable reinfection.<\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00621-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]],"date-time":"2025-08-25T13:00:28Z","timestamp":1756126828000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Dairy cattle herds mount a characteristic antibody response to highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza viruses"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"99","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8066-2770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lindsey R.","family":"Robinson-McCarthy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine","place":["Pittsburgh, USA"]},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine","place":["Pittsburgh, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Holly C.","family":"Simmons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine","place":["Pittsburgh, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron L.","family":"Graber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine","place":["Pittsburgh, USA"]},{"name":"University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Program in Microbiology and Immunology","place":["Pittsburgh, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carly N.","family":"Marble","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine","place":["Pittsburgh, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grace W.","family":"Graudin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine","place":["Pittsburgh, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1016-6015","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kevin R.","family":"McCarthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine","place":["Pittsburgh, USA"]},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine","place":["Pittsburgh, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.68.5.3120-3128.1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06631-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","unstructured":"USDA. 2025. HPAI confirmed cases in livestock."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07849-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3007.240508"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","unstructured":"CDC. 2025. H5 Bird Flu: current situation. 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H5N1 Bird Flu virus in Livestock on California department of food and agriculture. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdfa.ca.gov\/AHFSS\/Animal_Health\/HPAI.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00389-25:e0038925"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.06665-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1222908"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1171491"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.04.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","unstructured":"USDA. 2025. The occurrence of another highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) spillover from wild birds into dairy cattle. USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. Available from: https:\/\/www.aphis.usda.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/dairy-cattle-hpai-tech-brief.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","unstructured":"USDA. 2025. APHIS identifies third HPAI spillover in dairy cattle. USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","unstructured":"USDA. 2025. APHIS confirms D1.1 Genotype in dairy cattle in nevada. USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","unstructured":"CEIRR. 2024. Best practice guidelines for the reporting of milk testing and results on centers of excellence for influenza research and response. Available from: https:\/\/www.ceirr-network.org\/news\/best-practice-guidelines-for-the-reporting-of-milk-testing-and-results. 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