{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T01:28:47Z","timestamp":1791250127878,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,15]],"date-time":"2012-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1344988800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Virol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    There is an urgent need to develop new pathogenic R5 simian\/human immunodeficiency viruses (SHIVs) for the evaluation of candidate anti-HIV vaccines in nonhuman primates. Here, we characterize swarm SHIV\n                    <jats:sub>AD8<\/jats:sub>\n                    stocks, prepared from three infected rhesus macaques with documented immunodeficiency at the time of euthanasia, for their capacity to establish durable infections in macaques following inoculation by the intravenous (i.v.) or intrarectal (i.r.) route. All three viral stocks (SHIV\n                    <jats:sub>AD8-CE8J<\/jats:sub>\n                    , SHIV\n                    <jats:sub>AD8-CK15<\/jats:sub>\n                    , and SHIV\n                    <jats:sub>AD8-CL98<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) exhibited robust replication\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    and caused marked depletion of CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells affecting both memory and na\u00efve CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T lymphocyte subsets following administration by either route. Eleven of 22 macaques inoculated with the new SHIV\n                    <jats:sub>AD8<\/jats:sub>\n                    stocks were euthanized with clinical symptoms of immunodeficiency and evidence of opportunistic infections (\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Pneumocystis<\/jats:named-content>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Candida<\/jats:named-content>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Mycobacterium<\/jats:named-content>\n                    ). A single but unique founder virus, also present in the SHIV\n                    <jats:sub>AD8-CE8J<\/jats:sub>\n                    swarm stock, was transmitted to two animals following a single i.r. inoculation of approximately 3 50% animal infectious doses, which is close to the threshold required to establish infection in all exposed animals. Because the three new SHIV\n                    <jats:sub>AD8<\/jats:sub>\n                    viruses are mucosally transmissible, exhibited tier 2 sensitivity to anti-HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies, deplete CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T lymphocytes\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and induce AIDS in macaques, they are eminently suitable as challenge viruses in vaccine experiments.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00644-12","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,31]],"date-time":"2012-05-31T01:29:53Z","timestamp":1338427793000},"page":"8516-8526","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Pathogenicity and Mucosal Transmissibility of the R5-Tropic Simian\/Human Immunodeficiency Virus SHIV\n                    <sub>AD8<\/sub>\n                    in Rhesus Macaques: Implications for Use in Vaccine Studies"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"Rajeev","family":"Gautam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshiaki","family":"Nishimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wendy R.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivia","family":"Donau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alicia","family":"Buckler-White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masashi","family":"Shingai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reza","family":"Sadjadpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen D.","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Celia C.","family":"LaBranche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brandon F.","family":"Keele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick Incorporated, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Montefiori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John R.","family":"Mascola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malcolm A.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious 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