{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T20:14:50Z","timestamp":1791404090261,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,1]],"date-time":"2006-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1154390400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Virol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Human T-lymphotropic virus type 3 (HTLV-3) is a new virus recently identified in two primate hunters in Central Africa. Limited sequence analysis shows that HTLV-3 is distinct from HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 but is genetically similar to simian T-lymphotropic virus type 3 (STLV-3). We report here the first complete HTLV-3 sequence obtained by PCR-based genome walking using uncultured peripheral blood lymphocytes from an HTLV-3-infected person. The HTLV-3(2026ND) genome is 8,917 bp long and is genetically equidistant from HTLV-1 and HTLV-2, sharing about 62% identity. Phylogenetic analysis of all gene regions confirms this relationship and shows that HTLV-3 falls within the diversity of STLV-3, suggesting a primate origin. However, HTLV-3(2026ND) is unique, sharing only 87% to 92% sequence identity with STLV-3. SimPlot and phylogenetic analysis did not reveal any evidence of genetic recombination with either HTLV-1, HTLV-2, or STLV-3. Molecular dating estimates that the ancestor of HTLV-3 is as old as HTLV-1 and HTLV-2, with an inferred divergence time of 36,087 to 54,067 years ago. HTLV-3 has a prototypic genomic structure, with all enzymatic, regulatory, and structural proteins preserved. Like STLV-3, HTLV-3 is missing a third 21-bp transcription element found in the long terminal repeats of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 but instead contains a unique activator protein-1 transcription factor upstream of the 21-bp repeat elements. A PDZ motif, like that in HTLV-1, which is important for cellular signal transduction and transformation, is present in the C terminus of the HTLV-3 Tax protein. A basic leucine zipper region located in the antisense strand of HTLV-1, believed to play a role in viral replication and oncogenesis, was also found in the complementary strand of HTLV-3. The ancient origin of HTLV-3, the broad distribution of STLV-3 in Africa, and the propensity of STLVs to cross species into humans all suggest that HTLV-3 may be prevalent and support the need for expanded surveillance for this virus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00690-06","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,13]],"date-time":"2006-07-13T01:38:45Z","timestamp":1152754725000},"page":"7427-7438","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Ancient Origin and Molecular Features of the Novel Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type 3 Revealed by Complete Genome Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"William M.","family":"Switzer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV\/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shoukat H.","family":"Qari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV\/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan D.","family":"Wolfe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Epidemiology"},{"name":"International Health"},{"name":"Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donald S.","family":"Burke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Epidemiology"},{"name":"International Health"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas M.","family":"Folks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV\/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walid","family":"Heneine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV\/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20126"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-11-4551"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.71.1.337-344.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M307275200"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2741\/1417"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","first-page":"42","volume":"1","year":"1997","unstructured":"Brites, C., W. Harrington, Jr., C. Pedroso, E. Martins Netto, and R. Badaro. 1997. Epidemiological characteristics of HTLV-I and II co-infection in Brazilian subjects infected by HIV-1. Braz. J. Infect. Dis.1:42-47.","journal-title":"Braz. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-2-30"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chevalier S. L. Meertens C. Pise-Masison S. Calattini H. Park A. A. Alhaj M. Zhou A. Gessain F. Kashanchi J. Brady and R. Mahieux. 13 Mar. 2006 posting date. The tax protein from the primate T-cell lymphotropic virus type 3 is expressed in vivo and is functionally related to HTLV-1 Tax rather than HTLV-2 Tax. Oncogene [Online.] doi:10.1038\/sj.onc.1209472.","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1209472"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.9.4700-4709.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.71.5.3684-3692.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1208971"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.24.12813-12822.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","first-page":"163","volume":"93","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gessain, A., and R. Mahieux. 2000. Epidemiology, origin and genetic diversity of HTLV-1 retrovirus and STLV-1 simian affiliated retrovirus. Bull Soc. Pathol. Exot.93:163-171.","journal-title":"Bull Soc. Pathol. Exot."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.7.2848"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.287.5453.607"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2004.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.1.152-160.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.11.4049-4057.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jmbi.1999.2700"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.1.782-789.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.1.259-268.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.19253-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/14.9.817"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","first-page":"643","volume":"6","year":"1998","unstructured":"Rousset, R., S. Fabre, C. Desbios, F. Bantignies, and P. Jalinot. 1998. The C-terminus of the HTLV-1 Tax oncoprotein mediates interaction with the PDZ domain of cellular proteins. Oncogene6:643-654.","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026317"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","first-page":"131","volume":"1","year":"1999","unstructured":"Salemi, M., S. Van Dooren, and A. M. Vandamme. 1999. Origin and evolution of human and simian T-cell lymphotropic viruses. AIDS Rev.1:131-139.","journal-title":"AIDS Rev."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/19.2.301"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0507631103"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bst0280275"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb0502-e131"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.9.6.525"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.4.11.1875"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.69.2.621-632.1995"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03341"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.4.1642-1648.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/22.22.4673"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","first-page":"210","volume":"7","year":"2005","unstructured":"Thomson, M. M., and R. Najera. 2005. Molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 variants in the global AIDS pandemic: an update. AIDS Rev.7:210-224.","journal-title":"AIDS Rev."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-2-46"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","first-page":"5464","volume":"1","year":"1997","unstructured":"Van Brussel, M., P. Goubau, R. Rousseau, J. Desmyter, and A. M. Vandamme. 1997. Complete nucleotide sequence of the new simian T-lymphotropic virus, STLV-PH969 from a Hamadryas baboon, and unusual features of its long terminal repeat. J. Virol.71:5464-5472.","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1998.9075"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.23.11939-11941.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.19630-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0501734102"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","first-page":"3","volume":"132","year":"2000","unstructured":"Womble, D. D. 2000. GCG: the Wisconsin Package of sequence analysis programs. Methods Mol. Biol.132:3-22.","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-03-1333"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-199600001-00021"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.19.1.475"}],"container-title":["Journal of Virology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/JVI.00690-06","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/JVI.00690-06","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,5]],"date-time":"2022-03-05T10:17:08Z","timestamp":1646475428000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/JVI.00690-06"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,8]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/JVI.00690-06"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jvi.00690-06","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-538X","1098-5514"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-538X","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5514","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2006-04-05","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2006-05-08","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2006-08-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}