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Conventional vaccination of woodchucks chronically infected with the woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) elicited differential T-cell response profiles depending on whether or not carriers were treated with the potent antiviral drug clevudine (CLV), which significantly reduces viral and antigen loads. The differential T-cell responses defined both CLV-dependent and CLV-independent epitopes of the pre-S and S regions of the WHV envelope protein. Only combined treatment involving CLV and conventional vaccine therapeutically restored the T-cell response profile of chronic WHV carrier woodchucks to that seen in prophylactic vaccination and in recovery from acute WHV infection. The results have implications for mechanisms of immunological tolerance operating in chronic HBV infection and suggest that such combined chemoimmunotherapy may be useful for treatment of humans with chronic HBV infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00691-07","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,26]],"date-time":"2007-07-26T00:58:30Z","timestamp":1185411510000},"page":"10614-10624","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Chemoimmunotherapy of Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection in the Woodchuck Model Overcomes Immunologic Tolerance and Restores T-Cell Responses to Pre-S and S Regions of the Viral Envelope Protein"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"Stephan","family":"Menne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bud C.","family":"Tennant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John L.","family":"Gerin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Rockville, Maryland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul J.","family":"Cote","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Rockville, Maryland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2004.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(97)70235-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2003.50310"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI3731"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1808","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.140.6.1808","volume":"140","year":"1988","unstructured":"Celis, E., D. 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