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Thus, the development of a vaccine which would protect newborns against both of these major global killers is a logical yet highly scientifically, ethically, and practically challenging aim. Here, a recombinant lysine auxotroph of<jats:italic>Mycobacterium bovis<\/jats:italic>bacillus Calmette-Gue\u0301rin (BCG), a BCG strain that is safer than those currently used and expresses an African HIV-1 clade-derived immunogen, was generated and shown to be stable and to induce durable, high-quality HIV-1-specific CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>- and CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>-T-cell responses. Furthermore, when the recombinant BCG vaccine was used in a priming-boosting regimen with heterologous components, the HIV-1-specific responses provided protection against surrogate virus challenge, and the recombinant BCG vaccine alone protected against aerosol challenge with<jats:italic>M. tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>. Thus, inserting an HIV-1-derived immunogen into the scheduled BCG vaccine delivered at or soon after birth may prime HIV-1-specific responses, which can be boosted by natural exposure to HIV-1 in the breast milk and\/or by a heterologous vaccine such as recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara delivering the same immunogen, and decrease mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 during breastfeeding.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00707-07","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,28]],"date-time":"2007-06-28T04:43:45Z","timestamp":1183005825000},"page":"9408-9418","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Vaccine Platform for Prevention of Tuberculosis and Mother-to-Child Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 through Breastfeeding"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"Eung-Jun","family":"Im","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Human 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