{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T23:14:20Z","timestamp":1783984460262,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,15]],"date-time":"2014-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1405382400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Virol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Major histocompatibility complex class II-deficient (MHC-II KO; A\u03b2<jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>) mice were used to assess the roles of MHC-II molecules in inducing protective immune responses to vaccination. After vaccination with influenza A\/PR8 virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine,<jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>vaccine antigen-specific IgG isotype antibodies were not detected in MHC-II KO mice, which is quite different from CD4 T cell-deficient mice that induced vaccine-specific IgG antibodies. The deficiency in MHC-II did not significantly affect the induction of antigen-specific IgM antibody in sera. MHC-II KO mice that were vaccinated with influenza VLP, whole inactivated influenza virus, or live attenuated influenza virus vaccines were not protected against lethal infection with influenza A\/PR8 virus. Adoptive transfer of fractionated spleen cells from wild-type mice to MHC-II KO mice indicated that CD43<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>cell populations with MHC-II contributed more significantly to producing vaccine-specific IgG antibodies than CD43<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>B220<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>conventional B cell or CD4 T cell populations, as well as conferring protection against lethal infection. Bone marrow-derived dendritic cells from MHC-II KO mice showed a significant defect in producing interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha cytokines. Thus, results indicate that MHC-II molecules play multiple roles in inducing protective immunity to influenza vaccination.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>Major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) has been known to activate CD4 T helper immune cells. A deficiency in MHC-II was considered to be equivalent to the lack of CD4 T cells in developing host immune responses to pathogens. However, the roles of MHC-II in inducing protective immune responses to vaccination have not been well understood. In the present study, we demonstrate that MHC-II-deficient mice showed much more significant defects in inducing protective antibody responses to influenza vaccination than CD4 T cell-deficient mice. Further analysis showed that CD43 marker-positive immune cells with MHC-II, as well as an innate immunity-simulating adjuvant, could rescue some defects in inducing protective immune responses in MHC-II-deficient mice. These results have important implications for our understanding of host immunity-inducing mechanisms to vaccination, as well as in developing effective vaccines and adjuvants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00748-14","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,24]],"date-time":"2014-04-24T04:23:34Z","timestamp":1398313414000},"page":"7764-7775","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Roles of Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II in Inducing Protective Immune Responses to Influenza Vaccination"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"88","author":[{"given":"Eunju","family":"O","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Inflammation, Immunity, and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young-Tae","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Inflammation, Immunity, and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eun-Ju","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Inflammation, Immunity, and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ki-Hye","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Inflammation, Immunity, and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Na","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Inflammation, Immunity, and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae-Min","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Inflammation, Immunity, and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"},{"name":"Department of Global Medical Science, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young-Man","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Inflammation, Immunity, and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min-Chul","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Inflammation, Immunity, and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"},{"name":"Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel R.","family":"Perez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sang-Moo","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Inflammation, Immunity, and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1209"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00131-10"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/589862"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/32588"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(00)00216-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/367425a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.288.5468.984"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4673","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.163.9.4673","article-title":"TH cells primed during influenza virus infection provide help for qualitatively distinct antibody responses to subsequent immunization","volume":"163","author":"Marshall D","year":"1999","unstructured":"MarshallDSealyRSangsterMColecloughC. 1999. 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