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We tested whether the administration of exogenous ATRA during a systemic vaccination of mice could enhance the generation of mucosal CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T cell immunity, which might represent a strategy for establishing better protection from viral infection via mucosal routes. ATRA induced the expression of CCR9 and \u03b14\u03b27 on both mouse and human CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T cells activated<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">in vitro<\/jats:named-content>. The administration of ATRA to mice during<jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>priming with a replication-defective recombinant adenovirus vector expressing the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus glycoprotein (LCMVgp) (Ad5gp) increased numbers of both effector and memory T cells in intestinal mucosal tissues and showed higher frequencies of systemic central memory-like T cells that exhibited enhanced proliferation during boosting immunization with recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara expressing LCMVgp (MVAgp). Mice that received ATRA during Ad5gp vaccination were more resistant to intravaginal challenge by recombinant vaccinia virus expressing LCMVgp (VVgp), reflecting in part stronger T cell recall responses<jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic>. Thus, ATRA appears to be useful as an adjuvant during vaccination to increase memory T cell responses and protection from viral infection at mucosal sites and may facilitate the development of more effective vaccines against mucosally transmitted pathogens such as HIV.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00781-11","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,9]],"date-time":"2011-06-09T04:11:02Z","timestamp":1307592662000},"page":"8316-8327","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":77,"title":["Retinoic Acid as a Vaccine Adjuvant Enhances CD8<sup>+<\/sup>T Cell Response and Mucosal Protection from Viral Challenge"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"Xuefang","family":"Tan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamie L.","family":"Sande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey S.","family":"Pufnock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph N.","family":"Blattman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington"},{"name":"Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip D.","family":"Greenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington"},{"name":"Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1869"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(04)00053-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-11-4374"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20070719"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2007.06.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(95)90491-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI0216946"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/372190a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2005.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20070590"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.02.046"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.5.2851"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20030390"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2008.6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2003.618"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2007.02702.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20080039"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1101-997"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-2896.2006.00385.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2306","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.163.4.2306","article-title":"Coexpression of CCR5 and IL-2 in human genital but not blood T cells: implications for the ontogeny of the CCR5+ Th1 phenotype","volume":"163","author":"Hladik F.","year":"1999","unstructured":"HladikF. 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