{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T21:02:43Z","timestamp":1790542963080,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,1]],"date-time":"2006-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1162339200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Virol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            We\nevaluated the gnotobiotic (Gn) pig as a model to study the pathogenesis\nof human norovirus (HuNoV) and to determine the target cells for viral\nreplication. Sixty-five Gn pigs were inoculated with fecal filtrates of\nthe NoV\/GII\/4\/HS66\/2001\/US strain or with pig-passaged intestinal\ncontents (IC) and euthanized acutely (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 43) or after\nconvalescence (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 22). Age-matched Gn piglets\n(\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 14) served as mock-inoculated controls.\nSeventy-four percent (48\/65) of the inoculated animals developed mild\ndiarrhea compared to 0 of 14 controls. Pigs from postinoculation days\n(PID) 1 to 4 tested positive for HuNoV by reverse\ntranscription-PCR of rectal swab fluids (29\/65) and IC\n(9\/43) and by antigen (Ag) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)\nusing antiserum to virus-like particles of HuNoV GII\/4. No\ncontrol pigs were positive. Histopathologic examination showed mild\nlesions in the proximal small intestine of only one pig (1\/7).\nSeroconversion after PID 21 was detected by antibody ELISA in 13 of 22\nvirus-inoculated pigs (titers, 1:20 to 1:200) but not in controls.\nImmunofluorescent microscopy using a monoclonal antibody to HuNoV GII\ncapsid revealed patchy infection of duodenal and jejunal enterocytes of\n18 of 31 HuNoV-inoculated pigs with a few stained cells in the ileum\nand no immunofluorescence (IF) in mock-inoculated controls.\nImmunofluorescent detection of the viral nonstructural N-terminal\nprotein antigen in enterocytes confirmed translation. Transmission\nelectron microscopy of intestines from HuNoV-inoculated pigs showed\ndisrupted enterocytes, with cytoplasmic membrane vesicles containing\ncalicivirus-like particles of 25 to 40 nm in diameter. In summary,\nserial passage of HuNoV in pigs, with occurrence of mild diarrhea and\nshedding, and immunofluorescent detection of the HuNoV structural and\nnonstructural proteins in enterocytes confirm HuNoV replication in Gn\npigs.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00809-06","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,15]],"date-time":"2006-10-15T06:42:36Z","timestamp":1160894556000},"page":"10372-10381","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":252,"title":["Pathogenesis of a Genogroup II Human Norovirus in Gnotobiotic Pigs"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"Sonia","family":"Cheetham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Food\rAnimal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and\rDevelopment Center, Department of Veterinary\rPreventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio\r44691"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Menira","family":"Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food\rAnimal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and\rDevelopment Center, Department of Veterinary\rPreventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio\r44691"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tea","family":"Meulia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular and \rCellular Imaging Center, Ohio Agricultural Research and\rDevelopment Center, Wooster, Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheila","family":"Grimes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Disease\rDiagnostic Laboratory, Ohio Department of Agriculture, Reynoldsburg,\rOhio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myung Guk","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food\rAnimal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and\rDevelopment Center, Department of Veterinary\rPreventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio\r44691"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda J.","family":"Saif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food\rAnimal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and\rDevelopment Center, Department of Veterinary\rPreventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio\r44691"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","first-page":"18","volume":"79","year":"1973","unstructured":"Agus, S. 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