{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T06:29:15Z","timestamp":1790404155290,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]],"date-time":"2015-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1441065600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Virol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Infection of the lower respiratory tract by influenza A viruses results in increases in inflammation and immune cell infiltration in the lung. The dynamic relationships among the lung microenvironments, the lung, and systemic host responses during infection remain poorly understood. Here we used extensive systematic histological analysis coupled with live imaging to gain access to these relationships in ferrets infected with the 2009 H1N1 pandemic influenza A virus (H1N1pdm virus). Neutrophil levels rose in the lungs of H1N1pdm virus-infected ferrets 6 h postinfection and became concentrated at areas of the H1N1pdm virus-infected bronchiolar epithelium by 1 day postinfection (dpi). In addition, neutrophil levels were increased throughout the alveolar spaces during the first 3 dpi and returned to baseline by 6 dpi. Histochemical staining revealed that neutrophil infiltration in the lungs occurred in two waves, at 1 and 3 dpi, and gene expression within microenvironments suggested two types of neutrophils. Specifically, CCL3 levels, but not CXCL8\/interleukin 8 (IL-8) levels, were higher within discrete lung microenvironments and coincided with increased infiltration of neutrophils into the lung. We used live imaging of ferrets to monitor host responses within the lung over time with [<jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG). Sites in the H1N1pdm virus-infected ferret lung with high FDG uptake had high levels of proliferative epithelium. In summary, neutrophils invaded the H1N1pdm virus-infected ferret lung globally and focally at sites of infection. Increased neutrophil levels in microenvironments did not correlate with increased FDG uptake; hence, FDG uptake may reflect prior infection and inflammation of lungs that have experienced damage, as evidenced by bronchial regeneration of tissues in the lungs at sites with high FDG levels.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>Severe influenza disease is characterized by an acute infection of the lower airways that may progress rapidly to organ failure and death. Well-developed animal models that mimic human disease are essential to understanding the complex relationships of the microenvironment, organ, and system in controlling virus replication, inflammation, and disease progression. Employing the ferret model of H1N1pdm virus infection, we used live imaging and comprehensive histological analyses to address specific hypotheses regarding spatial and temporal relationships that occur during the progression of infection and inflammation. We show the general invasion of neutrophils at the organ level (lung) but also a distinct pattern of localized accumulation within the microenvironment at the site of infection. Moreover, we show that these responses were biphasic within the lung. Finally, live imaging revealed an early and sustained host metabolic response at sites of infection that may reflect damage and repair of tissues in the lungs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00817-15","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,11]],"date-time":"2015-06-11T11:28:11Z","timestamp":1434022091000},"page":"8733-8748","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Lower Respiratory Tract Infection of the Ferret by 2009 H1N1 Pandemic Influenza A Virus Triggers Biphasic, Systemic, and Local Recruitment of Neutrophils"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"89","author":[{"given":"Jeremy V.","family":"Camp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA"},{"name":"Center for Predictive Medicine for Infectious Diseases and Biodefense, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulas","family":"Bagci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infectious Disease Imaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong-Kyu","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Predictive Medicine for Infectious Diseases and Biodefense, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brendan","family":"Squier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mostafa","family":"Fraig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia M.","family":"Uriarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haixun","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Predictive Medicine for Infectious Diseases and Biodefense, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Mollura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infectious Disease Imaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colleen B.","family":"Jonsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA"},{"name":"Center for Predictive Medicine for Infectious Diseases and Biodefense, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-813"},{"issue":"04","key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Surveillance of influenza vaccination coverage\u2014United States, 2007\u201308 through 2011\u201312 influenza seasons","volume":"62","author":"Lu PJ","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lu PJ, Santibanez TA, Williams WW, Zhang J, Ding H, Bryan L, O'Halloran A, Greby SM, Bridges CB, Graitcer SB, Kennedy ED, Lindley MC, Ahluwalia IB, LaVail K, Pabst LJ, Harris L, Vogt T, Town M, Singleton JA, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2013. Surveillance of influenza vaccination coverage\u2014United States, 2007\u201308 through 2011\u201312 influenza seasons. MMWR Surveill Summ 62(SS-04):1\u201328.","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill Summ"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/507544"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.02.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0906453"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2010.08.067"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985809354464"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1141"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1201.051254"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1206.051336"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI44947"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2005.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0308001101"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2007.070248"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1125548"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02753-12"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000115"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1477"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1177238"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2010.100115"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08260"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1043\/1543-2165-134.2.235"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.09.3365"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1177127"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1529"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir038"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-010-1756-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacr.2010.01.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0040094"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02341-14"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.007823"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0058337"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1100768108"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02381-13"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.08.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2011.10.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","first-page":"1583","article-title":"Comparison of methods to quantitate 18F-FDG uptake with PET during experimental acute lung injury","volume":"45","author":"Chen DL","year":"2004","unstructured":"Chen DL, Mintun MA, Schuster DP. 2004. Comparison of methods to quantitate 18F-FDG uptake with PET during experimental acute lung injury. J Nucl Med 45:1583\u20131590.","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00339.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2008.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.149.6.7516252"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000057843.47705.E8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00832-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2119\/molmed.2010.00138"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3399"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.07.025"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pathmechdis.3.121806.154316"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI1355"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0026050"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0902497"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.23.14933-14944.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.2001.tb01302.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01210-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-9-57"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.03.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-012-1593-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2013.01.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0056602"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0078912"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","volume-title":"Guide for the care and use of laboratory animals","author":"National Research Council","year":"1996","unstructured":"National Research Council. 1996. Guide for the care and use of laboratory animals, 7th ed. National Academies Press, Washington, DC.","edition":"7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2011.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2019"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pin.12038"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/hupa.2002.30184"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ilar.53.1.9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2191-219X-3-55"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2013.2288258"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_68_2","first-page":"559","article-title":"Spatially constrained random walk approach for accurate estimation of airway wall surfaces","volume":"16","author":"Xu Z","year":"2013","unstructured":"Xu Z, Bagci U, Foster B, Mansoor A, Mollura DJ. 2013. Spatially constrained random walk approach for accurate estimation of airway wall surfaces. Med Image Comput Comput Assist Interv 16(Part 2):559\u2013566.","journal-title":"Med Image Comput Comput Assist Interv"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0042343"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2009.05.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2008.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2009.12.023"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985811429812"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0404237"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-01-402164"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/cc9324"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01568-10"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2010.02.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir768"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0040743"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00233.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.6.4308"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.167.2.570"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-6997(24)01456-X","article-title":"Neutrophil migration mechanisms, with an emphasis on the pulmonary vasculature","volume":"52","author":"Wagner JG","year":"2000","unstructured":"Wagner JG, Roth RA. 2000. Neutrophil migration mechanisms, with an emphasis on the pulmonary vasculature. Pharmacol Rev 52:349\u2013374.","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0903412"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00062752-200001000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3660"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1008737107"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1987.62.3.1236"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-7-149"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-68-2-425"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V72.1.142.142"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V80.12.3227.3227"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.51.3.230"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V79.4.1049.bloodjournal7941049"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4401","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.142.12.4401","article-title":"Depression of polymorphonuclear leukocyte functions by purified influenza virus hemagglutinin and sialic acid-binding lectins","volume":"142","author":"Cassidy LF","year":"1989","unstructured":"Cassidy LF, Lyles DS, Abramson JS. 1989. Depression of polymorphonuclear leukocyte functions by purified influenza virus hemagglutinin and sialic acid-binding lectins. J Immunol 142:4401\u20134406.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2005.02780.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00254-14"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20131092"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2013.06.026"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2010.01556.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1349-7006.1999.tb00702.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2006.08.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1710","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.133.4.1710","article-title":"Cell cycle analysis of a cell proliferation-associated human nuclear antigen defined by the monoclonal antibody Ki-67","volume":"133","author":"Gerdes J","year":"1984","unstructured":"Gerdes J, Lemke H, Baisch H, Wacker HH, Schwab U, Stein H. 1984. Cell cycle analysis of a cell proliferation-associated human nuclear antigen defined by the monoclonal antibody Ki-67. J Immunol 133:1710\u20131715.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.1990.tb00788.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_106_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-007-0449-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_107_2","first-page":"1426","article-title":"Imaging proliferation in lung tumors with PET: 18F-FLT versus 18F-FDG","volume":"44","author":"Buck AK","year":"2003","unstructured":"Buck AK, Halter G, Schirrmeister H, Kotzerke J, Wurziger I, Glatting G, Mattfeldt T, Neumaier B, Reske SN, Hetzel M. 2003. Imaging proliferation in lung tumors with PET: 18F-FLT versus 18F-FDG. J Nucl Med 44:1426\u20131431.","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3642"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_109_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00691-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_110_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.10.001"}],"container-title":["Journal of Virology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/JVI.00817-15","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/JVI.00817-15","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]],"date-time":"2025-05-28T14:46:20Z","timestamp":1748443580000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/JVI.00817-15"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"D. S.","family":"Lyles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]},"references-count":109,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/JVI.00817-15"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jvi.00817-15","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-538X","1098-5514"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-538X","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5514","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2015-04-03","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-06-04","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-08-03","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}