{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T00:14:07Z","timestamp":1793060047140,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,23]],"date-time":"2024-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721692800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/ASMCopyrightv2"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,23]],"date-time":"2024-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721692800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"MOST | National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2023YFC2306900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC2306900"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"MOST | National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["82002143"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82002143"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"CAST | CAST Innovation Foundation","award":["YESS20210021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YESS20210021"]}]},{"name":"China Postdoctoral Foundation Project | Postdoctoral Research Foundation of China","award":["88014Y0236, 88032Y0008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88014Y0236, 88032Y0008"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Virol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title\/>\n            <jats:p>\n              Chronic hepatitis E mostly occurs in organ transplant recipients and can lead to rapid liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. Previous studies found that the development of chronic hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is linked to the type of immunosuppressant used. Animal models are crucial for the study of pathogenesis of chronic hepatitis E. We previously established a stable chronic HEV infection rabbit model using cyclosporine A (CsA), a calcineurin inhibitor (CNI)-based immunosuppressant. However, the immunosuppression strategy and timing may be optimized, and how different types of immunosuppressants affect the establishment of chronic HEV infection in this model is still unknown. Here, we showed that chronic HEV infection can be established in 100% of rabbits when CsA treatment was started at HEV challenge or even 4 weeks after. Tacrolimus or prednisolone treatment alone also contributed to chronic HEV infection, resulting in 100% and 77.8% chronicity rates, respectively, while mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) only led to a 28.6% chronicity rate. Chronic HEV infection was accompanied with a persistent activation of innate immune response evidenced by transcriptome analysis. The suppressed adaptive immune response evidenced by low expression of genes related to cytotoxicity (like\n              <jats:italic>perforin<\/jats:italic>\n              and\n              <jats:italic>FasL<\/jats:italic>\n              ) and low anti-HEV seroconversion rates may play important roles in causing chronic HEV infection. By analyzing HEV antigen concentrations with different infection outcomes, we also found that HEV antigen levels could indicate chronic HEV infection development. This study optimized the immunosuppression strategies for establishing chronic HEV infection in rabbits and highlighted the potential association between the development of chronic HEV infection and immunosuppressants.\n            <\/jats:p>\n            <jats:sec>\n              <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n              <jats:p>Organ transplant recipients are at high risk of chronic hepatitis E and generally receive a CNI-based immunosuppression regimen containing CNI (tacrolimus or CsA), MMF, and\/or corticosteroids. Previously, we established stable chronic HEV infection in a rabbit model by using CsA before HEV challenge. In this study, we further optimized the immunosuppression strategies for establishing chronic HEV infection in rabbits. Chronic HEV infection can also be established when CsA treatment was started at the same time or even 4 weeks after HEV challenge, clearly indicating the risk of progression to chronic infection under these circumstances and the necessity of HEV screening for both the recipient and the donor preoperatively. CsA, tacrolimus, or prednisolone instead of MMF significantly contributed to chronic HEV infection. HEV antigen in acute infection phase indicates the development of chronic infection. Our results have important implications for understanding the potential association between chronic HEV infection and immunosuppressants.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00846-24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]],"date-time":"2024-06-20T13:01:43Z","timestamp":1718888503000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Optimization of immunosuppression strategies for the establishment of chronic hepatitis E virus infection in rabbits"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"98","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9191-4323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiyu","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 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