{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T02:32:40Z","timestamp":1785465160711,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,15]],"date-time":"2014-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1408060800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Virol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Various infections in the central nervous system (CNS) trigger B cell accumulation; however, the relative dynamics between viral replication and alterations in distinct B cell subsets are largely unknown. Using a glia-tropic coronavirus infection, which is initiated in the brain but rapidly spreads to and predominantly persists in the spinal cord, this study characterizes longitudinal changes in B cell subsets at both infected anatomical sites. The phase of T cell-dependent, antibody-independent control of infectious virus was associated with a similar recruitment of naive\/early-activated IgD\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    IgM\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    B cells into both the brain and spinal cord. This population was progressively replaced by CD138\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    IgD\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    IgM\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    B cells, isotype-switched CD138\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    IgD\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    IgM\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    memory B cells (B\n                    <jats:sub>mem<\/jats:sub>\n                    ), and CD138\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    antibody-secreting cells (ASC). A more rapid transition to B\n                    <jats:sub>mem<\/jats:sub>\n                    and ASC in spinal cord than in brain was associated with higher levels of persisting viral RNA and transcripts encoding factors promoting B cell migration, differentiation, and survival. The results demonstrate that naive\/early-activated B cells are recruited early during coronavirus CNS infection but are subsequently replaced by more differentiated B cells. Furthermore, viral persistence, even at low levels, is a driving force for accumulation of isotype-switched B\n                    <jats:sub>mem<\/jats:sub>\n                    and ASC.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>\n                    Acute and chronic human CNS infections are associated with an accumulation of heterogeneous B cell subsets; however, their influence on viral load and disease is unclear. Using a glia-tropic coronavirus model, we demonstrate that the accumulation of B cells ranging from early-activated to isotype-switched differentiation stages is both temporally and spatially orchestrated. Acutely infected brains and spinal cords indiscriminately recruit a homogeneous population of early-activated B cells, which is progressively replaced by diverse, more differentiated subsets. The latter process is accelerated by elevated proinflammatory responses associated with viral persistence. The results imply that early-recruited B cells do not have antiviral function but may contribute to the inflammatory environment or act as antigen-presenting cells. Moreover, CNS viral persistence is a driving force promoting differentiated B cells with protective potential.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00861-14","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,29]],"date-time":"2014-05-29T04:07:20Z","timestamp":1401336440000},"page":"8853-8867","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Progression From IgD\n                    <sup>+<\/sup>\n                    IgM\n                    <sup>+<\/sup>\n                    to Isotype-Switched B Cells Is Site Specific during Coronavirus-Induced Encephalomyelitis"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"88","author":[{"given":"Timothy W.","family":"Phares","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krista D.","family":"DiSano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA"},{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen A.","family":"Stohlman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cornelia C.","family":"Bergmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2006.06.031"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.05379-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02260-10"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.168.6.2922"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI39780"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0928-0197(95)00006-T"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","first-page":"161","article-title":"The relationship between measles virus-specific antibodies and oligoclonal IgG in the cerebrospinal fluid from patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis and multiple sclerosis","volume":"63","author":"Norrby E","year":"1977","unstructured":"NorrbyELinkH. 1977. 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