{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T19:38:04Z","timestamp":1793129884787,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":158,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792454400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792454400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Virol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Viral factories (VFs) are dynamic, virus-induced microcompartments that serve as centralized hubs in the host cell for viral genome replication, transcription, and virion assembly. These structures employ unique viral mechanisms for remodeling cellular architecture to create specialized replication organelles and improve the efficiency of viral propagation. VFs exhibit striking structural and functional diversity among RNA and DNA viruses, from reoviruses and poxviruses to the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Nucleocytoviricota<\/jats:italic>\n                      phylum. Some are enclosed by host-derived membranes, while others exist as biomolecular condensates from liquid\u2013liquid phase separation. VFs recruit host lipids, cytoskeletal elements, and metabolic enzymes, effectively reprogramming the intracellular environment to favor viral replication. This review provides a comprehensive examination of the molecular composition, ultrastructure, and biogenesis of viral factories across a wide range of viral lineages and host systems. We describe membrane-bound and phase-separated VFs and the mechanisms by which they hijack host machinery to create these replication organelles and explore viral strategies to shield replication intermediates from host immune responses. Additional emphasis is placed on the complex VFs formed by giant viruses in the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Nucleocytoviricota<\/jats:italic>\n                      , whose ability to spatially compartmentalize replication and transcription, exclude ribosomes, and recruit host mitochondria and membranes blurs the line between viral and cellular organization. By integrating findings from cell biology and evolutionary virology, this review proposes that viral factories offer a conceptual framework for understanding virus\u2013host coevolution and provides new insights into how their organization may have shaped the emergence of eukaryotic complexity.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00892-26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T13:01:46Z","timestamp":1789390906000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The organization and dynamics of viral factories"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"100","author":[{"given":"Kathryn Steele","family":"Brittain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05hs6h993","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University","place":["East Lansing, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6505-152X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Leonardo Martins","family":"Delfino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/036rp1748","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Physics Institute of S\u00e3o Carlos, University of S\u00e3o Paulo","place":["S\u00e3o Carlos, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Otavio Henrique","family":"Thiemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/036rp1748","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Physics Institute of S\u00e3o Carlos, University of S\u00e3o Paulo","place":["S\u00e3o Carlos, Brazil"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00qdc6m37","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Genetics and Evolution, Federal University of S\u00e3o Carlos","place":["S\u00e3o Carlos, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2481-9267","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Juliana R.","family":"Cortines","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03490as77","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Departamento de Virologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de G\u00f3es, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro","place":["Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6095-0628","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kristin N.","family":"Parent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05hs6h993","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University","place":["East Lansing, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2011.09.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/BC20040058"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0912737107"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00554-25"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0000328"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01319-16"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd3629"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v9110331"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0065-3527(03)59003-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.74.7.2967-2972.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.aivir.2018.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-03168-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.04.032"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2024.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02046-13"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v13010126"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","first-page":"143","volume-title":"Methods in virology","author":"Martelli GP","year":"1984","unstructured":"Martelli GP, Russo M. 1984. 5 - Use of thin sectioning for visualization and identification of plant viruses, p 143\u2013224. 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