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SH has been reported to interfere with innate immunity by inhibiting tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-\u03b1)-mediated apoptosis and NF-\u03baB activation. To elucidate the underlying mechanism, we generated recombinant MuVs (rMuVs) expressing the SH protein with an N-terminal FLAG epitope or lacking SH expression due to the insertion of three stop codons into the<jats:italic>SH<\/jats:italic>gene. Using these viruses, we were able to show that SH reduces the phosphorylation of IKK\u03b2, I\u03baB\u03b1, and p65 as well as the translocation of p65 into the nucleus of infected A549 cells. Reporter gene assays revealed that SH interferes not only with TNF-\u03b1-mediated NF-\u03baB activation but also with IL-1\u03b2- and poly(I\u00b7C)-mediated NF-\u03baB activation, and that this inhibition occurs upstream of the NF-\u03baB pathway components TRAF2, TRAF6, and TAK1. Since SH coimmunoprecipitated with tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1), RIP1, and IRAK1, we hypothesize that SH exerts its inhibitory function by interacting with TNFR1, interleukin-1 receptor type 1 (IL-1R1), and TLR3 complexes in the plasma membrane of infected cells.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>The MuV SH has been shown to impede TNF-\u03b1-mediated NF-\u03baB activation and is therefore thought to contribute to viral immune evasion. However, the mechanisms by which SH mediates NF-\u03baB inhibition remained largely unknown. In this study, we show that SH interacts with TNFR1, IL-1R1, and TLR3 complexes in infected cells. We thereby not only shed light on the mechanisms of SH-mediated NF-\u03baB inhibition but also reveal that SH interferes with NF-\u03baB activation induced by interleukin-1\u03b2 (IL-1\u03b2) and double-stranded RNA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01037-17","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,29]],"date-time":"2017-06-29T00:30:22Z","timestamp":1498696222000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Mumps Virus SH Protein Inhibits NF-\u03baB Activation by Interacting with Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor 1, Interleukin-1 Receptor 1, and Toll-Like Receptor 3 Complexes"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"91","author":[{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Franz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Robert Koch Institute, Unit 12, Measles, Mumps, Rubella, and Viruses Affecting Immunocompromised Patients, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Rennert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robert Koch Institute, Unit 12, Measles, Mumps, Rubella, and Viruses Affecting Immunocompromised Patients, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Woznik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robert Koch Institute, Unit 12, Measles, Mumps, Rubella, and Viruses Affecting Immunocompromised Patients, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josephine","family":"Gr\u00fctzke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robert Koch Institute, Unit 12, Measles, Mumps, Rubella, and Viruses Affecting Immunocompromised Patients, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"L\u00fcdde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robert Koch Institute, Unit 12, Measles, Mumps, Rubella, and Viruses Affecting Immunocompromised Patients, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva Maria","family":"Arriero Pais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robert Koch Institute, Unit 12, Measles, Mumps, Rubella, and Viruses Affecting Immunocompromised Patients, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Finsterbusch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robert Koch Institute, Unit 12, Measles, Mumps, Rubella, and Viruses Affecting Immunocompromised Patients, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henriette","family":"Geyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robert Koch Institute, Unit 12, Measles, Mumps, Rubella, and Viruses Affecting Immunocompromised Patients, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annette","family":"Mankertz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robert Koch Institute, Unit 12, Measles, Mumps, Rubella, and Viruses Affecting Immunocompromised Patients, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Friedrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robert Koch Institute, Unit 12, Measles, Mumps, Rubella, and Viruses Affecting Immunocompromised Patients, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60419-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.4445"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","first-page":"3","article-title":"Mumps and mumps vaccine: a global review","volume":"77","author":"Galazka AM","year":"1999","unstructured":"Galazka AM Robertson SE Kraigher A . 1999. 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