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The proposed selective advantage of this mutation for these primates is the ability to produce anti-Gal antibodies, which may be an effective immune component in neutralizing \u03b1Gal-expressing pathogens. However, loss of \u03b11,3GT expression may have been advantageous by providing natural resistance against viral pathogens that exploited the \u03b11,3GT pathway or cell surface \u03b1Gal for infection. Infections of paired cell lines with differential expression of \u03b11,3GT showed that Sindbis viruses (SINV) preferentially replicate in \u03b11,3GT-positive cells, whereas herpes simplex viruses type 1 and type 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) preferentially grow in cells lacking \u03b11,3GT. Viral growth and spread correlated with the ability of the different viruses to successfully initiate infection in the presence or absence of \u03b11,3GT expression. GT knockout (KO) suckling mice infected with SINV strains (AR339 and S.A.AR86) experienced significant delay in onset of disease symptoms and mortality compared to wild-type (WT) B6 suckling mice. In contrast, HSV-2-infected GT KO mice had higher viral titers in spleen and liver and exhibited significantly more focal hepatic necrosis than WT B6 mice. This study demonstrates that \u03b11,3GT activity plays a role in the course of infections for certain viruses. Furthermore, this study has implications for the evolution of resistance to viral infections in primates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01118-13","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,6]],"date-time":"2013-06-06T00:16:37Z","timestamp":1370477797000},"page":"8317-8326","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Possible Role of a Cell Surface Carbohydrate in Evolution of Resistance to Viral Infections in Old World Primates"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"87","author":[{"given":"Idalia A.","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raymond M.","family":"Welsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.162.2.573"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.84.5.1369"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0610012104"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.56.7.1730-1737.1988"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.16.7401"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-4771-6_7","volume-title":"Sub-cellular biochemistry. 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