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The reassortment occurs extensively within either FluA or FluB viruses but never between them. Here, we bioinformatically compared available promoter sequences of FluA and FluB viruses and confirmed the presence of the type-specific promoter elements. Our\n            <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n            mutagenesis studies showed that a type-specific promoter element\u2014the nucleotide at position 5 in the 3\u2032 end of vRNA promoters\u2014plays key roles in modulating polymerase activity. Interestingly, FluA and FluB viruses showed different tolerances upon key promoter element swapping in the context of virus infections. We concluded that the nucleotide at position 5 in the 3\u2032 end of the vRNA promoters of FluA and FluB viruses is a critical type-specific determinant. This work has implications for further elucidating the mechanisms of the intertypic exclusion of reassortment between FluA and FluB viruses.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01164-19","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,16]],"date-time":"2019-09-16T14:17:45Z","timestamp":1568643465000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Identification of a Type-Specific Promoter Element That Differentiates between Influenza A and B Viruses"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"93","author":[{"given":"Shuman","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People\u2019s Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People\u2019s Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Congyu","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, People\u2019s Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengmeng","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People\u2019s Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shan","family":"Cen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical School, Beijing, People\u2019s Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yousong","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, People\u2019s Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People\u2019s Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","first-page":"1151","volume-title":"Fields virology","author":"Palese P","year":"2013","unstructured":"Palese P, Shaw M. 2013. 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