{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T01:56:16Z","timestamp":1778896576789,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,15]],"date-time":"2007-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1197676800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Virol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>In 2002, severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) emerged in humans, causing a global epidemic. By phylogenetic analysis, SARS-CoV is distinct from known CoVs and most closely related to group 2 CoVs. However, no antigenic cross-reactivity between SARS-CoV and known CoVs was conclusively and consistently demonstrated except for group 1 animal CoVs. We analyzed this cross-reactivity by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blot analysis using specific antisera to animal CoVs and SARS-CoV and SARS patient convalescent-phase or negative sera. Moderate two-way cross-reactivity between SARS-CoV and porcine CoVs (transmissible gastroenteritis CoV [TGEV] and porcine respiratory CoV [PRCV]) was mediated through the N but not the spike protein, whereas weaker cross-reactivity occurred with feline (feline infectious peritonitis virus) and canine CoVs. Using<jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>-expressed recombinant SARS-CoV N protein and fragments, the cross-reactive region was localized between amino acids (aa) 120 to 208. The N-protein fragments comprising aa 360 to 412 and aa 1 to 213 reacted specifically with SARS convalescent-phase sera but not with negative human sera in ELISA; the fragment comprising aa 1 to 213 cross-reacted with antisera to animal CoVs, whereas the fragment comprising aa 360 to 412 did not cross-react and could be a potential candidate for SARS diagnosis. Particularly noteworthy, a single substitution at aa 120 of PRCV N protein diminished the cross-reactivity. We also demonstrated that the cross-reactivity is not universal for all group 1 CoVs, because HCoV-NL63 did not cross-react with SARS-CoV. One-way cross-reactivity of HCoV-NL63 with group 1 CoVs was localized to aa 1 to 39 and at least one other antigenic site in the N-protein C terminus, differing from the cross-reactive region identified in SARS-CoV N protein. The observed cross-reactivity is not a consequence of a higher level of amino acid identity between SARS-CoV and porcine CoV nucleoproteins, because sequence comparisons indicated that SARS-CoV N protein has amino acid identity similar to that of infectious bronchitis virus N protein and shares a higher level of identity with bovine CoV N protein within the cross-reactive region. The TGEV and SARS-CoV N proteins are RNA chaperons with long disordered regions. We speculate that during natural infection, antibodies target similar short antigenic sites within the N proteins of SARS-CoV and porcine group 1 CoVs that are exposed to an immune response. Identification of the cross-reactive and non-cross-reactive N-protein regions allows development of SARS-CoV-specific antibody assays for screening animal and human sera.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01169-07","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,4]],"date-time":"2007-10-04T00:34:22Z","timestamp":1191458062000},"page":"13365-13377","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Two-Way Antigenic Cross-Reactivity between Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Group 1 Animal CoVs Is Mediated through an Antigenic Site in the N-Terminal Region of the SARS-CoV Nucleoprotein"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"Anastasia N.","family":"Vlasova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, Ohio 44691-4096"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinsheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, Ohio 44691-4096"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mustafa","family":"Hasoksuz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istanbul University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Virology, Avcilar 34320, Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hadya S.","family":"Nagesha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, Ohio 44691-4096"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lia M.","family":"Haynes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Division of Viral Diseases, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30333"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infectious Disease Research and Vaccinology, Veterinary Science Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shan","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Medical School, University of Massachusetts, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linda J.","family":"Saif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, Ohio 44691-4096"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(76)90527-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","first-page":"1317","volume":"12","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chan, K. 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