{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T11:38:27Z","timestamp":1782992307720,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,29]],"date-time":"2020-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601337600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,29]],"date-time":"2020-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601337600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"UKRI | Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BBS\/E\/I\/00001981 BB\/P016472\/1 BBS\/E\/I\/00007030 BBS\/E\/I\/00007031 BBS\/E\/I\/00007035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BBS\/E\/I\/00001981 BB\/P016472\/1 BBS\/E\/I\/00007030 BBS\/E\/I\/00007031 BBS\/E\/I\/00007035"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"UKRI | Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB\/L018853\/1 BB\/S013792\/1 BBS\/E\/I\/00007036"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/L018853\/1 BB\/S013792\/1 BBS\/E\/I\/00007036"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"UKRI | Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB\/R012679\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/R012679\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"UKRI | Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB\/P013740\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/P013740\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"UKRI | Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/M011747\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/M011747\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014013","name":"UK Research and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB\/S011269\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/S011269\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014013","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Virol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Avian influenza viruses, such as H9N2, cause huge economic damage to poultry production worldwide and are additionally considered potential pandemic threats. Understanding how these viruses evolve in their natural hosts is key to effective control strategies. In the Middle East and South Asia, an older H9N2 virus strain has been replaced by a new reassortant strain with greater fitness. Here, we take representative viruses and investigate the genetic basis for this \u201cfitness.\u201d A single mutation in the virus was responsible for greater fitness, enabling high growth of the contemporary H9N2 virus in cells, as well as in chickens. The genetic mutation that modulates this change is within the viral PA protein, a part of the virus polymerase gene that contributes to viral replication as well as to virus accessory functions\u2014however, we find that the fitness effect is specifically due to changes in the protein polymerase activity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01173-20","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,29]],"date-time":"2020-07-29T10:03:31Z","timestamp":1596017011000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Contribution of Segment 3 to the Acquisition of Virulence in Contemporary H9N2 Avian Influenza Viruses"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"94","author":[{"given":"Anabel L.","family":"Clements","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, United Kingdom"},{"name":"The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua E.","family":"Sealy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7077-2928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas P.","family":"Peacock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Remy","family":"Sadeyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saira","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samantha J.","family":"Lycett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5776-0735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Holly","family":"Shelton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0872-9440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Digard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5165-5339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Munir","family":"Iqbal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1019109108"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006685"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13308"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2312.171294"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.655"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v11070620"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/PAVSNNR20083080"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-8-104"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03079450220136567"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0025808"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12515"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60938-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0005788"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1297-9716-44-100"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1999.0115"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12589"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00600-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2016.87"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1222213"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsob.120109"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.03.063"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.000143"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep08262"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000232"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02132-14"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01817-19"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00760-13"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.06203-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000584"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1637\/7260-081104R"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268803001067"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00218-17"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clements AL Peacock TP Sealy JE Hussain S Sadeyen J-R Shelton H Digard P Iqbal M. 2020. PA-X is an avian virulence factor in H9N2 avian influenza virus. bioRxiv https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.05.25.114876.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.05.25.114876"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01551-18"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000426"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02826-12"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01132-15"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02656-12"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002923"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02011-18"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-004-0372-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2017.06.024"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-8-64"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-2438-7_6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.100133697"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16474"}],"container-title":["Journal of Virology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/JVI.01173-20","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/JVI.01173-20","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,5]],"date-time":"2022-03-05T10:01:58Z","timestamp":1646474518000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/JVI.01173-20"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Stacey","family":"Schultz-Cherry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,29]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,29]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/JVI.01173-20"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jvi.01173-20","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2020.05.27.119917","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0022-538X","1098-5514"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-538X","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5514","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-06-09","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-07-27","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-09-29","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e01173-20"}}