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Unlike HIV-1, it has been present in humans for tens of thousands of years, and in consequence HTLV-1 is exquisitely adapted to persist in the individual host. Its life history therefore differs fundamentally from that of HIV-1 in key respects. HTLV-1 causes an aggressive hematological malignancy known as adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma (ATL) and a progressive inflammatory disease of the central nervous system, HTLV-1-associated myelopathy (HAM), in a proportion of infected people. These conditions impose a significant health burden in countries where the virus is endemic.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01183-26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T13:52:14Z","timestamp":1791985934000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Primer: Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1)"],"prefix":"10.1128","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2624-3599","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Charles R. 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