{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T17:44:33Z","timestamp":1792518273796,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791936000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Bolsa alunos, Universal and Internacional"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Bolsa alunos, Universal and Internacional"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004901","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Bolsa alunos"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Bolsa alunos"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004901","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Virol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Giant viruses infecting protists have expanded our understanding of viral diversity. These members of the phylum\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Nucleocytoviricota<\/jats:italic>\n                      possess genomes that can exceed 2.5 Mb and encode hundreds to thousands of proteins, including functions once thought unique to cellular organisms. They infect amoebae, algae, and other unicellular eukaryotes, forming large factories and interacting with virophages and mobile genetic elements. Their virions display diverse architectures, from icosahedral particles to amphora-shaped pandoraviruses and tail-bearing tupanviruses. Comparative genomics highlights evolutionary processes such as horizontal gene transfer, gene duplication,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">de novo<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene birth, and genome rearrangements, which contribute to their genomic diversity. Despite their widespread presence in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, many aspects of their biology remain unknown, including the roles of lineage-specific ORFan genes (open reading frames with no detectable homologs in current databases) and the molecular strategies used to manipulate hosts. This Primer provides an accessible overview of protist-infecting giant viruses, summarizing their classification, virion architecture, replication strategies, and evolutionary scenarios, and points to key questions that remain open.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01257-26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T13:53:33Z","timestamp":1791986013000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Primer: Giant viruses of protists"],"prefix":"10.1128","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9420-1791","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jonatas Santos","family":"Abrahao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0176yjw32","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais","place":["Belo Horizonte, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1081867"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1239181"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1320670111"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-03168-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.02643"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1101485"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0911354106"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00115-15"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1510795112"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v8110278"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v8110300"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01534-19"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02130-18"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-63463-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00212-17"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aal4657"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-01086-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.00293-21"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.ads6303"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-025-02190-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-026-01319-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","volume-title":"Fields virology","author":"Abrahao JS","year":"2026","unstructured":"Abrahao JS. 2026. Chapter 80, Giant viruses. In Howley PM, Knipe DM (ed), Fields virology, 8th ed. Wolters Kluwer, Philadelphia, PA, USA.","edition":"8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00061-19"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.23.11720-11734.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3001430"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2024.105467"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.53.1.447"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2001637117"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","unstructured":"Past and present giant viruses diversity explored through permafrost metagenomics. 2026. Nature Communications. Available from: https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-022-33633-x. 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