{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T14:46:03Z","timestamp":1790952363075,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]],"date-time":"2024-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729555200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"HHS | NIH | NIAID | Division of Intramural Research","award":["ZIAAI001029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZIAAI001029"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Virol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title\/>\n            <jats:p>\n              SARS-CoV-2 infects\n              <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic>\n              the respiratory tract, but COVID-19 includes an array of non-respiratory symptoms, among them gastrointestinal (GI) manifestations such as vomiting and diarrhea. Here we investigated the GI pathology of SARS-CoV-2 infections in rhesus macaques and humans. Macaques experienced mild infection with USA-WA1\/2020 and shed viral RNA in the respiratory tract and stool, including subgenomic RNA indicative of replication in the GI tract. Intestinal immune cell populations were disturbed, with significantly fewer proliferating (Ki67+) jejunal B cells in SARS-CoV-2-infected macaques than uninfected ones. Modest translocation of bacteria\/bacterial antigen was observed across the colonic epithelium, with a corresponding significant increase in plasma soluble CD14 (sCD14) that may be induced by LPS. Human plasma demonstrated significant decreases in interleukin (IL)-6 and sCD14 upon recovery from COVID-19, suggesting resolution of inflammation and response to translocated bacteria. sCD14 significantly positively correlated with zonulin, an indicator of gut barrier integrity, and IL-6. These results demonstrate that GI perturbations such as microbial translocation can occur in even mild SARS-CoV-2 infections and may contribute to the COVID-19 inflammatory state.\n            <\/jats:p>\n            <jats:sec>\n              <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n              <jats:p>This study investigates gastrointestinal (GI) barrier disruption in SARS-CoV-2 infections and how it may contribute to disease. We observed bacteria or bacterial products crossing from the colon interior (the lumen) to the lamina propria during SARS-CoV-2 infection in macaques. Bacteria\/bacterial products are tolerated in the lumen but may induce immune responses if they translocate to the lamina propria. We also observed a significant increase in soluble CD14, which is associated with an immune response to bacterial products. In addition, we observed that humans recovering from COVID-19 experienced a significant decrease in soluble CD14, as well as the inflammatory marker interleukin (IL)-6. IL-6 and sCD14 correlated significantly across macaque and human samples. These findings suggest that SARS-CoV-2 infection results in GI barrier disruption that permits microbial translocation and a corresponding immune response. These findings could aid in developing interventions to improve COVID-19 patient outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01288-24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,12]],"date-time":"2024-09-12T13:00:43Z","timestamp":1726146043000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["SARS-CoV-2 infection perturbs the gastrointestinal tract and induces modest microbial translocation across the intestinal barrier"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Kelsie","family":"Brooks","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine E.","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cynthia","family":"Aguilar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy N.","family":"Hoang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra M.","family":"Ortiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte A.","family":"Langner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debra S.","family":"Yee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacob K.","family":"Flynn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophia","family":"Vrba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Laidlaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin M.","family":"Vannella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"},{"name":"Critical Care Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison","family":"Grazioli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Program in Trauma, R. Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kapil K.","family":"Saharia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madeleine","family":"Purcell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shreya","family":"Singireddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jocelyn","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Imagining Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Stankiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel S.","family":"Chertow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"},{"name":"Critical Care Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irini","family":"Sereti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7276-3600","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mirko","family":"Paiardini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4168-4894","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Heather D.","family":"Hickman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura E.","family":"Via","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"},{"name":"Tuberculosis Imaging Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7008-7509","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Daniel L.","family":"Barber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8357-2984","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jason M.","family":"Brenchley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6928a2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000000620"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30083-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.03.065"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2608.200681"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.02.055"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc1669"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-323020"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-33395-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-020-00357-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1511"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001052"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00734-20"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/651457"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02370-20"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.176.6.1665"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiq118"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a016295"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2015.03.031"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.04.026"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-03255-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2012.06538.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05542-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03207-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2021-324280"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa925"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01780-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abe8146"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0901-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01329-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI137244"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa486"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20040874"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03513"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mucimm.2023.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-021-00437-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2021.2018900"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2021.1893113"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11053"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000022736"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.608259"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.686240"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26307"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.02.056"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13178"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI149633"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abo0535:eabo0535"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-11122-x"}],"container-title":["Journal of Virology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/jvi.01288-24","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/jvi.01288-24","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]],"date-time":"2024-10-22T13:06:32Z","timestamp":1729602392000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/jvi.01288-24"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Stacey","family":"Schultz-Cherry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/jvi.01288-24"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jvi.01288-24","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-538X","1098-5514"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-538X","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5514","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-08-12","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-08-26","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-09-12","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e01288-24"}}