{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T11:47:53Z","timestamp":1787312873323,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]],"date-time":"2023-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701302400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/ASMCopyrightv2"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]],"date-time":"2023-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701302400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"MOST | National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2022YFE020517"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFE020517"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010203","name":"Agriculture Research System of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["CARS-46"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-46"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010203","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development of Guangdong","award":["2021B0202040002 and 2022B1111030001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021B0202040002 and 2022B1111030001"]}]},{"name":"GDSTC | Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province","award":["2021A1515010647"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021A1515010647"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Laboratory for Linnan modern agriculture","award":["NZ2021018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NZ2021018"]}]},{"name":"Basic and Appiled Basic Research Project of Guangzhou Science and Technology Plan Project","award":["202102020299"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202102020299"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Virol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The development of immersion vaccines for preventing viral aquatic infectious diseases is important for Asian aquaculture. Gene-deletion-attenuated vaccines have good potential for administration via immersion. However, most gene-deletion viruses still have residual virulence, and thus, gene-deletion immersion vaccines for aquatic viruses are rarely developed. Herein, an\n                    <jats:italic>orf074r<\/jats:italic>\n                    deletion strain (\u0394\n                    <jats:italic>orf074r<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) of infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) with residual virulence was constructed, and an immunization process was developed to further attenuate \u0394\n                    <jats:italic>orf074r<\/jats:italic>\n                    at low temperature (22\u00b0C), making it a candidate immersion vaccine for ISKNV. Under conventional aquaculture temperatures (28\u00b0C), \u0394\n                    <jats:italic>orf074r<\/jats:italic>\n                    was attenuated but still had a mortality rate of 46.7% in the mandarin fish\n                    <jats:italic>Siniperca chuatsi<\/jats:italic>\n                    , indicating that \u0394\n                    <jats:italic>orf074r<\/jats:italic>\n                    was not suitable for development as an immersion vaccine. However, over 95% of the surviving fish were protected against ISKNV challenge, and the surviving fish had an increased innate response along with an increase in antiviral antibody levels. To further reduce the mortality rate of \u0394\n                    <jats:italic>orf074r<\/jats:italic>\n                    , we carried out immersion experiments at 22\u00b0C. The results showed that the residual virulence of \u0394\n                    <jats:italic>orf074r<\/jats:italic>\n                    was further reduced, and all fish survived after immersion in \u0394\n                    <jats:italic>orf074r<\/jats:italic>\n                    at 22\u00b0C. Then, the immunized fish were maintained at 28\u00b0C, and 80% of them were protected against ISKNV challenge; their immune responses were also induced. These results suggested that \u0394\n                    <jats:italic>orf074r<\/jats:italic>\n                    could be a candidate immersion vaccine against ISKNV at 22\u00b0C and has good application prospects in the fish farming industry. Our work will aid in the development of an aquatic gene-deletion live attenuated immersion vaccine.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Global aquaculture production yielded a record of 122.9 million tons in 2022. However, ~10% of farmed aquatic animal production is lost each year due to various infectious diseases, resulting in substantial economic waste. Therefore, the development of vaccines is important for the prevention and control of aquatic infectious diseases. Gene-deletion live attenuated vaccines are efficacious because they mimic natural pathogen infection and generate a strong antibody response, thus showing good potential for administration via immersion. However, most gene-deletion viruses still have residual virulence, and thus, gene-deletion immersion vaccines for aquatic viruses are rarely developed. In this study, an\n                      <jats:italic>orf074r<\/jats:italic>\n                      deletion strain (\u0394\n                      <jats:italic>orf074r<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) of ISKNV with residual virulence was constructed, and an immunization process was developed to reduce its residual virulence at 22\u00b0C, thereby making it a potential immersion vaccine against ISKNV. Our work will aid in the development of an aquatic gene-deletion live-attenuated immersion vaccine.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01289-23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,7]],"date-time":"2023-11-07T09:01:24Z","timestamp":1699347684000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Low-temperature immunization attenuates the residual virulence of\n                    <i>orf074r<\/i>\n                    gene-deleted infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus: a candidate immersion vaccine"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"97","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0164-0381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruoyun","family":"Zeng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol \/ Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering (Guangdong, Zhuhai), School of Marine 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