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We adapted HIV-1(NL4-3) and HIV-1(KB9), two HIV-1 variants with different envelope glycoproteins, to replicate efficiently in cells expressing the CD4 and CXCR4 proteins of the common marmoset, a New World monkey. The HIV-1(NL4-3) adaptation involves three gp120 changes that result in a specific increase in affinity for the marmoset CD4 glycoprotein. The already high affinity of the HIV-1(KB9) envelope glycoproteins for marmoset CD4 did not significantly change as a result of the adaptation. Instead, changes in the gp120 variable loops and gp41 ectodomain resulted in improved replication in cells expressing the marmoset receptors. HIV-1(KB9) became relatively sensitive to neutralization by soluble CD4 and antibodies as a result of the adaptation. These results demonstrate the distinct mechanistic pathways by which the HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins can adapt to less-than-optimal CD4 molecules and provide HIV-1 variants that can overcome some of the early blocks in New World monkey cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01299-07","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,24]],"date-time":"2007-10-24T23:00:20Z","timestamp":1193266820000},"page":"346-357","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Adaptation of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope Glycoproteins to New World Monkey Receptors"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Beatriz","family":"Pacheco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Pathology, Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephane","family":"Basmaciogullari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Pathology, Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jason A.","family":"LaBonte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Pathology, Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shi-Hua","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Pathology, Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Sodroski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Pathology, Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115"},{"name":"Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6093251"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.23.10984-10993.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6189183"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-79-12-2895"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jm00002a019"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80205-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81313-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.69.5.2801-2810.1995"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2425430"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.38.4.668"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.iy.08.040190.003013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","first-page":"29","volume":"139","year":"1991","unstructured":"Desrosiers, R. 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