{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T14:35:01Z","timestamp":1791902101411,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,1]],"date-time":"2016-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1477958400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Virol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            RNA viruses present an extraordinary threat to human health, given their sudden and unpredictable appearance, the potential for rapid spread among the human population, and their ability to evolve resistance to antiviral therapies. The recent emergence of chikungunya virus, Zika virus, and Ebola virus highlights the struggles to contain outbreaks. A significant hurdle is the availability of antivirals to treat the infected or protect at-risk populations. While several compounds show promise\n            <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n            , these outbreaks underscore the need to accelerate drug discovery. The replication of several viruses has been described to rely on host polyamines, small and abundant positively charged molecules found in the cell. Here, we describe the antiviral effects of two molecules that alter polyamine levels: difluoromethylornithine (DFMO; also called eflornithine), which is a suicide inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase 1 (ODC1), and diethylnorspermine (DENSpm), an activator of spermidine\/spermine\n            <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n            -acetyltransferase (SAT1). We show that reducing polyamine levels has a negative effect on diverse RNA viruses, including several viruses involved in recent outbreaks,\n            <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n            . These findings highlight the importance of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway to viral replication, as well as its potential as a target in the development of further antivirals or currently available molecules, such as DFMO.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>\n            RNA viruses present a significant hazard to human health, and combatting these viruses requires the exploration of new avenues for targeting viral replication. Polyamines, small positively charged molecules within the cell, have been demonstrated to facilitate infection for a few different viruses. Our study demonstrates that diverse RNA viruses rely on the polyamine pathway for replication and highlights polyamine biosynthesis as a promising drug target.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01347-16","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,18]],"date-time":"2016-08-18T02:18:36Z","timestamp":1471486716000},"page":"9683-9692","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":91,"title":["Inhibition of Polyamine Biosynthesis Is a Broad-Spectrum Strategy against RNA Viruses"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"90","author":[{"given":"Bryan C.","family":"Mounce","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Cesaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gonzalo","family":"Moratorio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter Jan","family":"Hooikaas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Yakovleva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott W.","family":"Werneke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France"},{"name":"Institut National de la Sant\u00e9 et de la Recherche M\u00e9dicale, U818, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Everett Clinton","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, the Elizabeth B. Lamb Center for Pediatric Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enzo Z.","family":"Poirier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France"},{"name":"University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Cellule Pasteur, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Etienne","family":"Simon-Loriere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de G\u00e9n\u00e9tique Fonctionnelle des Maladies Infectieuses, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthieu","family":"Prot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de G\u00e9n\u00e9tique Fonctionnelle des Maladies Infectieuses, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carole","family":"Tamietti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Virologie Structurale, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandrine","family":"Vitry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de NeuroImmunologie Virale, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Romain","family":"Volle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Biologie des Virus Ent\u00e9riques, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France"},{"name":"INSERM, Unit\u00e9 994, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9cile","family":"Khou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Recherche et d'Expertise Environnement et Risques Infectieux, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie-Pascale","family":"Frenkiel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Recherche et d'Expertise Environnement et Risques Infectieux, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anavaj","family":"Sakuntabhai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de G\u00e9n\u00e9tique Fonctionnelle des Maladies Infectieuses, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francis","family":"Delpeyroux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Biologie des Virus Ent\u00e9riques, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France"},{"name":"INSERM, Unit\u00e9 994, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathalie","family":"Pardigon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Recherche et d'Expertise Environnement et Risques Infectieux, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Flamand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Virologie Structurale, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanna","family":"Barba-Spaeth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Virologie Structurale, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monique","family":"Lafon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de NeuroImmunologie Virale, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark R.","family":"Denison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, the Elizabeth B. 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