{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T19:45:22Z","timestamp":1791315922898,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,1]],"date-time":"2013-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1383264000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,1]],"date-time":"2013-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1385856000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Virol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Interferon-inducible transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) is an effector protein of the innate immune system. It confers potent, cell-intrinsic resistance to infection by diverse enveloped viruses both\n            <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n            , including influenza viruses, West Nile virus, and dengue virus. IFITM3 prevents cytosolic entry of these viruses by blocking complete virus envelope fusion with cell endosome membranes. Although the IFITM locus, which includes\n            <jats:italic>IFITM1<\/jats:italic>\n            , -\n            <jats:italic>2<\/jats:italic>\n            , -\n            <jats:italic>3<\/jats:italic>\n            , and -\n            <jats:italic>5<\/jats:italic>\n            , is present in mammalian species, this locus has not been unambiguously identified or functionally characterized in avian species. Here, we show that the IFITM locus exists in chickens and is syntenic with the IFITM locus in mammals. The chicken IFITM3 protein restricts cell infection by influenza A viruses and lyssaviruses to a similar level as its human orthologue. Furthermore, we show that chicken IFITM3 is functional in chicken cells and that knockdown of constitutive expression in chicken fibroblasts results in enhanced infection by influenza A virus. Chicken\n            <jats:italic>IFITM2<\/jats:italic>\n            and -\n            <jats:italic>3<\/jats:italic>\n            are constitutively expressed in all tissues examined, whereas\n            <jats:italic>IFITM1<\/jats:italic>\n            is only expressed in the bursa of Fabricius, gastrointestinal tract, cecal tonsil, and trachea. Despite being highly divergent at the amino acid level, IFITM3 proteins of birds and mammals can restrict replication of viruses that are able to infect different host species, suggesting IFITM proteins may provide a crucial barrier for zoonotic infections.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01443-13","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,26]],"date-time":"2013-09-26T03:30:43Z","timestamp":1380166243000},"page":"12957-12966","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":100,"title":["Chicken Interferon-Inducible Transmembrane Protein 3 Restricts Influenza Viruses and Lyssaviruses\n            <i>In Vitro<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"87","author":[{"given":"S. E.","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. S.","family":"Gibson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Pirbright Institute, Compton Laboratory, Compton, Berkshire, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. S.","family":"Wash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Ferrara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Pseudotype Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham Maritime, Kent, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Pseudotype Unit (Fitzrovia), School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Temperton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Pseudotype Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham Maritime, Kent, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Kellam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom"},{"name":"MRC\/UCL Centre for Medical Molecular Virology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Fife","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Pirbright Institute, Compton Laboratory, Compton, Berkshire, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2009.12.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001258"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01531-10"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2012.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1991.tb16139.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2009.07.315"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0034508"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.00272-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0049265"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2010.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio.405"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003124"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2013.03.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002909"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10921"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms2433"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2010.05.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","first-page":"360","article-title":"Re-evaluating the burden of rabies in Africa and Asia","volume":"83","author":"Knobel DL","year":"2005","unstructured":"KnobelDLCleavelandSColemanPGFevreEMMeltzerMIMirandaMEShawAZinsstagJMeslinFX. 2005. 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