{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T15:45:54Z","timestamp":1791215154976,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,1]],"date-time":"2010-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1262304000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Virol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>The lack of a small-animal model has hampered the analysis of hepatitis C virus (HCV) pathogenesis. The tupaia (<jats:italic>Tupaia belangeri<\/jats:italic>), a tree shrew, has shown susceptibility to HCV infection and has been considered a possible candidate for a small experimental model of HCV infection. However, a longitudinal analysis of HCV-infected tupaias has yet to be described. Here, we provide an analysis of HCV pathogenesis during the course of infection in tupaias over a 3-year period. The animals were inoculated with hepatitis C patient serum HCR6 or viral particles reconstituted from full-length cDNA. In either case, inoculation caused mild hepatitis and intermittent viremia during the acute phase of infection. Histological analysis of infected livers revealed that HCV caused chronic hepatitis that worsened in a time-dependent manner. Liver steatosis, cirrhotic nodules, and accompanying tumorigenesis were also detected. To examine whether infectious virus particles were produced in tupaia livers, naive animals were inoculated with sera from HCV-infected tupaias, which had been confirmed positive for HCV RNA. As a result, the recipient animals also displayed mild hepatitis and intermittent viremia. Quasispecies were also observed in the NS5A region, signaling phylogenic lineage from the original inoculating sequence. Taken together, these data suggest that the tupaia is a practical animal model for experimental studies of HCV infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01448-09","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,22]],"date-time":"2009-10-22T00:56:22Z","timestamp":1256172982000},"page":"303-311","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":119,"title":["Pathogenesis of Hepatitis C Virus Infection in<i>Tupaia belangeri<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"Yutaka","family":"Amako","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6, Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-0057, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyoko","family":"Tsukiyama-Kohara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6, Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-0057, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Experimental Phylaxiology, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo Kumamoto City, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asao","family":"Katsume","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6, Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-0057, Japan"},{"name":"Fuji Gotemba Research Laboratory, Chugai Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., 135, Komakado 1 Chome, Gotemba-shi, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuichi","family":"Hirata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6, Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-0057, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satoshi","family":"Sekiguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6, Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-0057, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshimi","family":"Tobita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6, Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-0057, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yukiko","family":"Hayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Komagome Hospital, 3-18-22 Honkomagome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8677, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsunekazu","family":"Hishima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Komagome Hospital, 3-18-22 Honkomagome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8677, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nobuaki","family":"Funata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Komagome Hospital, 3-18-22 Honkomagome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8677, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiromichi","family":"Yonekawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Science, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6, Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-0057, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michinori","family":"Kohara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6, Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-0057, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0684.1993.tb00697.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1998.9361"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","first-page":"156","volume":"162","year":"1987","unstructured":"Chomczynski, P., and N. 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