{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T06:32:26Z","timestamp":1788503546814,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,15]],"date-time":"2014-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1416009600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Virol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            A critical failure in our preparedness for an influenza pandemic is the lack of a universal vaccine. Influenza virus strains diverge by 1 to 2% per year, and commercially available vaccines often do not elicit protection from one year to the next, necessitating frequent formulation changes. This represents a major challenge to the development of a cross-protective vaccine that can protect against circulating viral antigenic diversity. We have constructed a recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) that expresses an H5N1 mosaic hemagglutinin (H5M) (MVA-H5M). This mosaic was generated\n            <jats:italic>in silico<\/jats:italic>\n            using 2,145 field-sourced H5N1 isolates. A single dose of MVA-H5M provided 100% protection in mice against clade 0, 1, and 2 avian influenza viruses and also protected against seasonal H1N1 virus (A\/Puerto Rico\/8\/34). It also provided short-term (10 days) and long-term (6 months) protection postvaccination. Both neutralizing antibodies and antigen-specific CD4\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            and CD8\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            T cells were still detected at 5 months postvaccination, suggesting that MVA-H5M provides long-lasting immunity.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>\n            Influenza viruses infect a billion people and cause up to 500,000 deaths every year. A major problem in combating influenza is the lack of broadly effective vaccines. One solution from the field of human immunodeficiency virus vaccinology involves a novel\n            <jats:italic>in silico<\/jats:italic>\n            mosaic approach that has been shown to provide broad and robust protection against highly variable viruses. Unlike a consensus algorithm which picks the most frequent residue at each position, the mosaic method chooses the most frequent T-cell epitopes and combines them to form a synthetic antigen. These studies demonstrated that a mosaic influenza virus H5 hemagglutinin expressed by a viral vector can elicit full protection against diverse H5N1 challenges as well as induce broader immunity than a wild-type hemagglutinin.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01532-14","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,11]],"date-time":"2014-09-11T02:45:17Z","timestamp":1410403517000},"page":"13300-13309","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Broad Protection against Avian Influenza Virus by Using a Modified Vaccinia Ankara Virus Expressing a Mosaic Hemagglutinin Gene"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"88","author":[{"given":"Attapon","family":"Kamlangdee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin\u2014Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brock","family":"Kingstad-Bakke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin\u2014Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tavis K.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tony L.","family":"Goldberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin\u2014Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge E.","family":"Osorio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin\u2014Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0505.990507"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","first-page":"242","article-title":"Avian influenza and influenza pandemics","volume":"82","author":"Lazzari S","year":"2004","unstructured":"LazzariSStohrK. 2004. 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S.","family":"Lyles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,15]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,15]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/JVI.01532-14"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jvi.01532-14","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-538X","1098-5514"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-538X","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5514","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2014-05-29","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2014-08-26","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2014-10-20","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}