{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T08:58:24Z","timestamp":1765961904844,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764028800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764028800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Virol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiological agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is characterized by its high contagiousness. The COVID-19 pandemic has exerted profound impacts on human society. The persistent circulation of SARS-CoV-2 in human populations continues to pose re-exposure risks for both vaccinated individuals and those with prior natural infection. Against this epidemiological background, there is an urgent need to characterize the transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 in the context of pre-existing immunity. Using a ferret infection model, this study systematically addresses critical scientific questions, including viral transmission efficiency, temporal patterns of transmissibility, and the ability of pre-existing immunity to mitigate reinfection and viral shedding. The findings provide robust experimental evidence for elucidating the transmission mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 and offer scientific insights to inform the rational design of optimized antiviral strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        In this study, a ferret infection model was used to systematically investigate SARS-CoV-2\u2019s\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                        transmission dynamics and modes with pre-existing immunity. By characterizing viral transmission efficiency, temporal shedding patterns, and immunity\u2019s role in mitigating re-infection severity and dissemination, it provides direct evidence for understanding SARS-CoV-2 spread in immune-exposed hosts. It quantifies how humoral immunity modulates viral load (primary\/secondary infections) and ferret contact transmission. Findings establish a key SARS-CoV-2 transmission framework\u2014pre-existing immunity shortens shedding, reduces secondary attack rates but retains residual transmissibility\u2014fill knowledge gaps, guide vaccine\/herd immunity\/public health measures, and lay a foundation for predicting real-world transmission and antiviral policies via integrated endpoints.\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01566-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T14:00:17Z","timestamp":1762264817000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 between ferrets in presence of pre-existing 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China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gongxun","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Harbin, People's Republic of China"]},{"name":"National High Containment Laboratory for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention","place":["Harbin, People's Republic of China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhiyuan","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Harbin, People's Republic of China"]},{"name":"National High Containment Laboratory for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention","place":["Harbin, People's Republic of 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