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There is currently no vaccine to mitigate this transmission, and there has been limited research on the effects that lentiviral infection has on the innate immune system in oral tissues of infected children. To fill this knowledge gap, our laboratory studied infant rhesus macaques to evaluate how acute SIV\/SHIV infections impacted ILC3 and NK cells, which are immune cells critical for mucosal homeostasis and antimicrobial defense. Our data revealed that SIV\/SHIV infection led to a depletion of ILC3 and an increase of NK cells and to a functional shift from a homeostatic to a multifunctional proinflammatory state. 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